1. Plug-In Cars Powering America Toward a Cleaner Future Environment Texas Research and Policy Center McCall Johnson Plug-In Cars Nov. 4, 2009 McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009

2. Why Plug-ins? Electric cars are more efficient Converted conventional hybrids have shown results McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009

3. Advantages of Plug-Ins Electric cars that can go over 200 miles on one charge are being sold in the US today Most plug-in cars can charge in a normal wall outlet Rapid chargers have been developed that can fill a 100-mile battery in under 30 minutes Electric cars are much simpler to maintain than conventional cars McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009

4. Plug-Ins and the Environment We can have clean running cars by using cleaner energy Plug-ins are one of the few technologies capable of producing dramatic reductions in pollution from automobiles over the long term McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009 Plug-in cars emit less global warming pollution than cars powered by gasoline

5. Reduction of Global Warming Pollution McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009 A study by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory found that an electric car fueled by unused capacity in the current electric system would emit 27% less global warming pollution than a car fueled by gasoline

6. Plug-Ins and the Environment To take full advantage of the potential we must move toward a cleaner electric grid –A Study done by UC Berkeley showed that if half of the light vehicles in the US were electric vehicles powered by completely clean electricity in 2030, that total fleet emissions would decrease by 62 percent McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009

7. Center for Entrepreneurship & Technology, UC Berkeley McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009

8. Air Quality and Plug-Ins Switching to plug-ins would improve air quality for most people –EPRI and NRDC found that if 40% of vehicles on the road were plug-in hybrids in 2030 Smog levels would decrease for 61 % of the population Soot would decrease for 82% of the population McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009

9. Reduce Oil Consumption Texas could spend $3.2 trillion on oil in next 20 years We could cut Oil use by 1/3 if three-quarters of the cars, pick up trucks, SUVs, and vans were EVs McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009

10. Fuel Savings McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009 EVs Operate on an equivalent of $0.75 to $1.25 per gallon Average electric car driver can save $600 - $960 a year

11. The Electric Grid Little strain on transmission system Upgrades to the current distribution system may be necessary REPs are already developing services for plug-ins McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009

12. The Electric Grid Plug-ins can be an asset to the grid using vehicle to grid technology (V2G) –Providing small amounts of power or storage capacity –Providing backup power –Serve peak demand McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009

13. Moving Towards a Plug-In Future Currently there is a federal tax credit available for plug-in vehicles ranging from $2,500 - $7,500 depending on the distance a car can be driven on electric power McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009

14. Moving Towards a Plug-In Future Encouraging Research and Development –Stimulus Funds Providing Incentives for the Purchase of Plug-In Cars –Building on the federal tax credit will be imperative to encouraging early adopters –Even more important than the size of the incentive is the duration McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009

15. Moving Towards a Plug-In Future Enact a low carbon fuel standard –LCFSs assess lifecycle emissions –Fuel providers can reduce emissions or purchase credits from cleaner fuel providers such as utilities –California has a requirement that transportation fuels be 10 percent less carbon-intensive by 2020 McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009

16. Moving Towards a Plug-In Future Using plug-in vehicles in fleets –Texas Clean Fleet Program –The city of Seattle has already converted a dozen Priuses to plug-in hybrids McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009

17. Moving Towards a Plug-In Future Develop the use of Clean, Renewable Electricity –Wind power is a perfect fit for charging vehicles at night –Solar power is can ensure that charging stations are widely available McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009

18. Moving Towards a Plug-In Future Develop infrastructure –Smart grid –Public charging stations –Fast charging stations or battery swaps for longer range trips –Distribution upgrades McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009

19. Moving Towards a Plug-In Future Cap Carbon Emissions –Due to the lower emissions produced from plug-in cars, a cap on carbon would encourage their adoption V2G Policies –The state of Delaware has a net-metering policy already in place for feeding electricity back into the grid from vehicles McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009

20. Thank You McCall Johnson Environment Texas 512 236 0723 mjohnson@environmenttexas.org McCall Johnson Plug-In Texas Nov. 12, 2009