Professor Colon FTC Comparative Criminal Justice Systems / 6 th edition Chapter 2: Domestic Crime, Transnational Crime, and Justice

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Distinguish between comparative criminology and comparative criminal justice List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries Name and summarize four grand theory explanations that have been used in cross-national crime research Distinguish between international crime and transnational crime Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Summarize international efforts responding to transnational crime 2.6

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Distinguish between comparative criminology and comparative criminal justice Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 2.1

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Two independent but overlapping areas 2.1 Comparative Criminology Comparative Criminal Justice Studies crime as a social phenomenon and as social behavior Comparative criminology is the focus of this chapter Determines how various countries attempt to maintain social order and accomplish justice Comparative criminal justice is the focus of the remaining chapters

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 2.2

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Compare similar data Compare over time Crime as a Social Phenomenon 2.2 Problems when comparing crime Goal is to identify commonalities and differences in crime patterns among divergent cultures

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Comparing Similar Data 2.2 Definition problems Reporting problems Recording problems 1.How similar are the definitions of crime among the countries being compared? 2.Can the rape rate in two countries that define rape differently be accurately compared? 1.Are crime victims in the comparison countries equally likely to report crime? 2.Are the comparison countries similar in social, economic, and political factors? 1.Once crime is reported, do police in comparison countries follow similar recording practices? 2.Might a comparatively high crime rate simply reflect more efficient recording?

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Comparing with Caution 2.2 Despite problems related to legal definitions and reporting/recording practices, comparison is possible  Countries believed to have similar crime definitions and reporting/recording practices can be compared.

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Comparing Over Time 2.2  The second problem encountered when comparing crime across countries  Even when similar data are being compared, the data must be compiled and presented in a useful manner  Comparison over time is generally agreed upon as an especially good way to compare countries since it shows trends

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved The Usefulness of Trends 2.2 Comparing over time shows crime trends that raise interesting questions for comparative criminology 10 Why does Canada have a consistently lower robbery rate than the United States? What factors may explain Poland’s declining robbery rate from 2003 to 2008?

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Name and summarize four grand theory explanations that have been used in cross-national research Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 2.3

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved 2.3 When crime is studied as social behavior, criminologists seek behavioral explanations for crime’s occurrence Of the many offered, the textbook considers just four Crime as Social Behavior

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Four Grand Theories 2.3 Modernization Theory Civilization Theory World System Theory Opportunity Theory The social processes accompanying industrial development result in conditions conducive to increased criminality The historical link between crime and civility suggests that violent crime decreased as civility transformed violent societies into more peaceful modern ones As capitalism expands, it disrupts indigenous cultures and traditional means of subsistence and results in inequality and class conflict The occurrence of crime is the result of modern economies and social organization providing increased opportunities to engage in criminal behavior

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Distinguish between international crime and transnational crime Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 2.4

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved International Crime and Transnational Crime 2.4 International Crime International Crime Transnational Crime Acts that threaten world order and security Criminal acts that span national borders, violating the laws of several countries

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 2.5

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved 2.5 Transnational Crime Types Cybercrime Corruption Drug Trafficking Money Laundering Maritime Piracy Theft of Art and Cultural Objects Trade in Human Body Parts Trafficking in Persons Terrorism

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Computers are linked to criminal activity in three general ways 2.5

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Three topics are relevant when discussing control of illicit drugs 2.5

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved 2.5 Pirate attacks have increased in recent years—especially around the Gulf of Aden and the Somali Basin Oil and chemical tankers are popular targets for pirates Crew, ship, and cargo can each be held hostage as pirates wait for ransom demands to be met Maritime Piracy (Sea Piracy)

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Trafficking in Persons 2.5 Human trafficking is the acquisition of people by improper means such as force, fraud, or deception, with the aim of exploiting them

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Sex Trafficking Forced Labor Trafficking Major Types of Trafficking in Persons 2.5 Human Trafficking

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved 2.5 What is terrorism? Terrorism takes no single form so is difficult to define Many acts of terrorism are also criminal acts, so the crime statute may be relied upon Result is that terrorism is often not a crime in itself Who are the terrorists? Problems in defining terrorism makes it difficult to identify terrorist groups and terrorist acts so criteria is relevant When the criteria is motivation, could refer to political or religious terrorist groups When criteria is the locus of operation, could refer to domestic or international terrorist acts Terrorism

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Summarize international efforts responding to transnational crime Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 2.6

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Responding to Transnational Crime 2.6 Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of State Department of Treasury

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Responding to Transnational Crime 2.6 Interpol United Nations