1. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Chapter 1 Criminal Justice and Criminology Research: Mapping the Terrain

2. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Knowledge-Power Dynamic The idea that knowledge generates power and, conversely power generates knowledge. 2 KNOWLEDGE POWER GENERATESGENERATES GENERATESGENERATES

3. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved What is Crime & Justice Research? Research promotes the production of credible knowledge. Crime and Justice Research refers to: a collection of social science methods applied systematically to generate knowledge about crime and justice phenomenon 3

4. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Relevance of Research 1.Generating knowledge is interesting and rewarding. 2.Sharpens critical thinking. 3.Promotes critical consumption of knowledge. 4.Key to becoming a proficient researcher. 5.Beneficial in today’s workplace. 4

5. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved What to Research? Objects of Study refers to: the specific crime and justice phenomena that we decide to research. Crime and Justice Phenomena includes: topics, issues, and questions that revolve around crime, crime control, criminal justice, and criminology 5

6. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Who are the Researchers? 1. Professors in academia 2. Professors in practice (expert witness) 3. Governmental Researchers 4. Practitioner-Based Researchers 5. Journalists 6. Students 6

7. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Research Paradigms 7 Quantitative Numerical Data Statistical Relationships Deductive Qualitative Words & Visual Data Patterns & Themes Inductive Mixed Methods Research

8. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Collecting Quantitative Data 1. Experimental Research A method that divides people being studied into two or more groups, applying a treatment to one of the groups, and determining if there are any differences in the reaction of the groups over a set period of time. 8

9. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Collecting Quantitative Data 2. Survey and Interview Research A method that uses a written questionnaire or formal interview to gather quantitative data on the backgrounds, behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes of a large number of people or agencies. 9

10. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Collecting Quantitative Data 3. Nonreactive Research The unobtrusive collection of data that have usually been left behind by others. 10

11. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Collecting Quantitative Data 4. Existing Documents/Statistics Research A method that involves the collection and reanalysis of existing quantitative data. 11

12. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Collecting Quantitative Data 5. Content Analysis A nonreactive method used to examine the content, or information and symbols, contained in written documents or other communication media. 12

13. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Collecting Qualitative Data 1. Ethnographic Field Research A method in which the researcher engages the natural environment of their subjects and strives for an up close, personal, and highly detailed understanding of the research subjects’ culture. 13

14. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 2. Qualitative Document Analysis (QDA) A nonreactive method that attempts to make theoretical sense of documents (text or visual) by analyzing their cultural meaning. 14 Collecting Qualitative Data

15. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Collecting Qualitative Data 3. Historical Research A method that examines past events systematically in an effort to accurately describe and account for what has happened in the past. 15

16. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Collecting Qualitative Data 4. Historical Comparative Research A method that examines aspects of social and political life across different cultures and eras. 16

17. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Collecting Qualitative Data 5. Academic Legal Research The systematic collection and analysis of legal- related documents in order to generate knowledge about a given crime and justice subject. 17

18. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Mixing Quantitative and Qualitative Mixed Methods Research A mixture of quantitative and qualitative techniques in a single study or series of studies on the same topic 18

19. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Why Conduct Research? 19 Basic Research A genre of research that generates knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Disinterested Knowledge Applied Research A genre of research where a study is conducted to address a specific concern or to offer solutions to a problem. Evidence-based Practice

20. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Four Purposes of Research 1. Exploratory Research To examine a little understood issue or phenomenon to develop new ideas and move toward refined research questions. 20

21. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Four Purposes of Research 2. Descriptive Research To “paint” a picture using words or numbers and present a profile, a classification or types, or an outline of steps to answer the questions such as who, when, where, or how. 21

22. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Four Purposes of Research 3. Explanatory Research To explain why events occur and to build, elaborate, or test a theory. 22

23. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Four Purposes of Research 4. Evaluation Research To assess the effectiveness of a program, policy, or way of doing something. 23