1. Chapter 13 Globalization and Terrorism: Our Small World
Frank Schmalleger
PowerPoint presentation created by
Ellen G. Cohn, Ph.D.

2. Globalization Globalization Transnational organized crime:
A process of social homogenization by which the experiences of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, can foster a standardization of cultural expressions around the world
Transnational organized crime:
Unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups across national boundaries

3. Human Smuggling and Trafficking
Illegal immigration in which an agent is involved for payment to help a person cross a border clandestinely
Trafficking in Persons (TIP):
The exploitation of unwilling or unwitting people through force, coercion, threat, or deception

4. Human Trafficking: The Numbers
Estimates suggest 800,000 – 900,000 victims trafficked globally each year
17,500 – 18,500 trafficked into the U.S.
Human Trafficking Reporting System
International Labor Organization (United Nations)

5. Comparative Criminology
The cross-national study of crime
Comparative criminologists develop theories with increased specificity that can be applied across more than one culture or nation-state
Globalization of knowledge
The increase in understanding resulting from a sharing of information among cultures
Plays a significant role in the process of theory formation and the development of American crime control policies

6. Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism: “Culture centeredness”
Interferes with comparative criminology
Comparing crime rates across nations is difficult
Definitional differences
Diverse crime-reporting practices
Political, social, economic influences on reporting of statistics

7. Issues in Reporting
Definitional differences create the biggest problem
Crime data may not share conceptual similarities
Crime statistics reflect social and political contexts
Some nations do not accurately report certain kinds of culturally reprehensible crimes
The social norms may make it impossible for victims in some countries to report certain types of crime

8. Terrorism
Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience
A tactic or method for attaining political goals

9. Terrorism Terrorism usually is: Premeditated or planned
Politically motivated
Aimed at civilians
Carried out by subnational groups
Terrorism usually is not:
Impulsive or an act of rage
Perpetrated for criminal gain
Aimed at military targets
Perpetrated by an army

10. Types of Terrorist Groups
Nationalist terrorism
Religious terrorism
State-sponsored terrorism
Left-wing terrorism
Right-wing terrorism
Anarchist terrorism

11. Domestic Terrorism
The unlawful use of force or violence by a group or an individual who is based and operates entirely within the U.S. and its territories without foreign direction and whose acts are directed at elements of the U.S. government or population
Oklahoma City bombing – 1995
Timothy McVeigh

12. International Terrorism
The unlawful use of force or violence by a group or an individual who has a connection to a foreign power or whose activities transcend national boundaries against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives
In 2008, there were 11,770 terrorist attacks against noncombatants, resulting in over 54,000 deaths, injuries, and kidnappings

13. The War on Terrorism
Sept 11th attacks led to war on international terrorism
Key legislative initiatives during first years of the G.W. Bush presidency:
The USA PATRIOT Act (2001)
Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002)
Homeland Security Act (2002)

14. The USA PATRIOT Act
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act
Designed to fight terrorism but also includes provisions that apply to other types of crime
Some question whether the Act unfairly expands police powers at the expense of individual rights and civil liberties

15. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Established by 2002 Homeland Security Act
Act enacted to protect America against terrorism
DHS coordinates activities of 22 domestic agencies

16. Organizational Chart of DHS
Fig 13-6: Organizational Chart of DHS