1. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Historical, Academic Legal and Mixed Methods Research Chapter 13 1

2. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Historical Research Historical Research: Systematically collecting historical materials and analyzing those materials for the purpose of constructing a descriptive and/or theoretical account of what has happened in the past. Historical-comparative Research: A type of research that examines aspects of social and political life across different cultures and eras. Sometimes researchers focus on one historical period or several, compare one or more cultures, or mix historical periods and cultures. 2

3. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Comparative Research Comparative Research: A type of research that generates knowledge about crime and justice phenomena by making comparisons (qualitative and quantitative) across different countries or cultures. 3

4. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 4 Types of Historical Sources 1. Primary Sources: Qualitative or quantitative data about past events that were created and used in the past time period. 2. Secondary Sources: Qualitative data and quantitative data used in historical research. Information about events or settings are documented or written later by historians or others who did not directly participate in the events or settings. 4

5. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 4 Types of Historical Sources 3. Running Records: Existing statistics research based on files, records, or documents that are maintained in a relatively consistent matter over a long period of time. 4. Recollections: Statements or writings about past experiences collected over time and based on a memory or stimulated by a review of old objects, photos, or notes. 5

6. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 7 Sins of Memory 1. Transience: Decay of memory over time. 2. Absent-mindedness: Focusing so much that simple things, are forgotten. 3. Blocking: Searching cannot recall. 4. Misattribution: Mistaking fantasy for reality. 5. Suggestibility: Questions that distorts ones memory to believe events happened that didn’t. 6. Bias: Recalling things in a distorted way. 7. Persistence: Unable to forget. 6

7. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Limitations of Primary Sources External Criticism: Checking the authenticity of primary historical sources by accurately locating the place and time of its creation (e.g., it is not a forgery). Internal Criticism: A way to establish the authenticity and credibility of primary historical sources and determine its accuracy as an account of what occurred in the past. Bowdlerization: A deliberate distortion of the past designed to protect the appearance of a particular image. 7

8. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Steps for Historical Research 1.Conceptualizing the Object of Inquiry 2.Locating Evidence 3.Evaluating Quality of Evidence 4.Organizing the Evidence 5.Synthesizing 6.Writing a Report 8

9. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Pseudoproof and Anachronism Pseudoproof: A failure to place a historical event within its full context. Anachronism: An error whereby a historical researcher locates an event before or after when it actually occurred. 9

10. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Legal Research Technical Legal Research: The search for legal authority conducted by legal professionals designed to convince the courts of a particular legal position. Academic Legal Research: The systematic collection and legal analysis of law-related sources in order to generate knowledge about a given crime and justice subject. 10

11. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Legal Authority: The idea that the law is established initially through statutes passed by legislatures and ultimately through judicial rulings made in individual cases. Stare Decisis: A Latin legal concept that means that once a legal precedent has been made by a court, all subsequent judicial decisions should follow that precedent unless there is a compelling reason not to. 11

12. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Primary Authority: Those sources of legal authority that are derived from actual legal statutes, common law, case law, and administrative law. Secondary Authority: Those sources of legal authority that are derived from previous legal research and commentary generally conducted by legal scholars. 12

13. Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, Second Edition Kraska / Neuman © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Mixed Methods Research 13 Fully Integrated Mixed Methods Quant. Monomethod Qual. Monomethod QUANT/qualQUAL/quant