INTER PERSONAL BEHAVIOUR/ Transactional Analysis

Interpersonal Skills/ Facilitation Skills listening questioning language & communication using feedback conflict handling

TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS TRANSACTIONAL STIMULUS TRANSACTIONAL RESPONSE DEFINITION TA IS CONCERNED WITH :- ANALYSIS OF SELF AWARENESS ANALYSIS OF EGO STATES ANALYSIS OF TRANSACTIONS SCRIPT ANALYSIS GAMES ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF LIFE POSITIONS STROKING

Eric Berne and Transactional Analysis A unified system of individual and social psychiatry Focuses on the individual but also one’s relationship to others A model for explaining why and how: People think like they do People act like they do People interact/communicate with others

ANALYSIS OF SELF AWARENESS JOHARI WINDOW FEEDBACK INFORMATION NOT KNOWN TO SELF INFORMATION KNOWN TO SELF S E L F D I C O U R OPEN/ARENA BLINDSPOT HIDDEN/ CLOSED UNKNOWN/DARK INFORMATION KNOWN TO OTHERS INFORMATION NOT KNOWN TO OTHERS

ANALYSIS OF EGO STATES

Eric Berne and Transactional Analysis People have three ego states: parent, adult, child Parent: when a person thinks, feels & behaves in ways copied from his/her parents Child: thinking, feeling, behaving as one did as a child Adult: thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that are a direct result of current happenings Key point: people shift in & out of these states

Transactional Analysis Transactional Analysis or TA is a way of understanding … and changing human behavior … why communication fails and how it can be corrected. … one to one relationships

Transactional Analysis TA Ego States or Personality Aspects Parent Adult Child

Transactional Analysis Parent… learned to act and feel much as those that raised us. Parent Prejudiced Parent… follows rules, accepts slogans, holds opinions without thinking first of facts. Nurturing Parent… Supportive and protective toward others, offers help and guidance.

Transactional Analysis Clues to Someone in Their Parent … a frown or stern look. … tone of voice. … pointing of the index finger. … arms folded as to say “what are you doing?” … uses phrases like; “you should,” “you ought to,” “that is right!” … words such as; sympathizing, punishing. moralizing, judging, giving orders, criticizing.

Transactional Analysis Child… what we were when we were young. Child Free Child… Open to life, spontaneous, filled with the sense of wonder and delight, self centered, aggressive, rebellious, does not consider the consequences of feeling or actions. Adapted Child… Polite, sociable, recognizes the rights of others,adapts behavior to suit them, can resent the rights/demands of others, complies grudgingly, feels unsure about themselves, procrastinates .

Transactional Analysis Clues to Someone in Their Child … smiling, laughing, having fun. … tone of voice. … crying, having tantrums, getting into trouble. … childlike facial expressions. … uses words/phrases like; “Wow!,” “Gosh!,” “I wish,” “I feel.”

Transactional Analysis Adult… looks at the facts and reasons out the answer - Adult … figures things out logically. … takes responsibility for thoughts, feeling and actions. … solves problems and makes decisions.

Transactional Analysis Clues to Someone in Their Adult … straight forward facial expression. … active listener, eyes blink every 3 to 5 seconds showing attention. … speaks of probabilities. … uses phrases like; “In my opinion,” “Based on what I have observed,” “So far the facts seem to indicate.”

Ego Portraits People have favourite, preferred ego state, depicted by larger circle in a diagram Parent Adult Child P P P A A A C C C

Human Interaction Analysis/ ANALYSIS OF TRANSACTIONS A transaction = any interaction or communication between 2 people People send and receive messages out of and into their different ego states How people say something (what others hear?) just as important as what is said Types of communication, interactions Complementary Crossed Ulterior

Intonations: It’s the Way You Say It! What it means I was going to take someone else. Instead of the guy you were going with. I’m trying to find a reason why I shouldn’t take you. Do you have a problem with me? Instead of going on your own. Instead of lunch tomorrow. Not tomorrow night. Placement of the emphasis Why don’t I take you to dinner tonight?

Complementary ‘Transactions’ Interactions, responses, actions regarded as appropriate and expected from another person. Parallel communication arrows, communication continues. Example 1: #1 What time do you have? #2 I’ve got 11:15. P P A A C C

Complementary ‘Transactions’ cont’d Example 2: #1 You’re late again! P P #2 I’m sorry. It won’t happen again. A A C C

Crossed ‘Transactions’ Interactions, responses, actions NOT regarded as appropriate or expected from another person. Crossed communication arrows, communication breakdown. Example 1 #1 What time do you have? #2 There’s a clock on the wall, why don’t you figure it out yourself? P P A A C C

Crossed ‘Transactions’ cont’d Example 2 #1 You’re late again! #2 Yeah, I know, I had a flat tyre. P P A A C C

Ulterior ‘Transactions’ Interactions, responses, actions which are different from those explicitly stated Example #1 How about coming up to my room and listening to some music? P P A A C C

Script analysis by McClelland ( legitimate roles : claim justifiable) Prosecutor (who sets rules that are necessary) Victim (who is eligible but denied job due to discrimination) Rescuer ( who helps to function effectively) ( il-legitimate roles: falsely claiming ) Prosecutor Victim Rescuer

Life Positions I’m OK — I’m OK — Positive You’re not OK You’re OK I’m not OK — I’m not OK — Attitude toward Oneself Attitude toward Others Negative Positive Positive Negative

STROKES: giving something for acknowledgement Positive Negative Mixed

GAME Analysis Game Players Characteristics of psychological game:- The transaction tend to be repeated They make sense on superficial or social level One or more of the transactions is ulterior TYPES OF GAMES 1st Degree games – minor upset, played socially end up with minor discomfort, socially acceptable 2nd Degree games – more intimate end up w/bad feelings, no permanent irremedial damage arises. 3rd Degree games - usually involve physical injury

Transactional Analysis Very few games have a positive or neutral outcome In these games, people play one of three positions: Victim Persecutor Rescuer http://www.ericberne.com/Games_People_Play.htm

Typical Games Between A shop keeper and a house wife: “This one is better, but you cannot afford it” Between A Teacher and a Student: “This is a good topic, but you cannot handle it.” Between an Expert and a Candidate: “What you just said is totally wrong”