PA Remediation Goals 2.01, 2.02, 2.04

Organic Compounds Carbo- hydrates ProteinsLipids Nucleic Acids Made of? (elements) Monomer Polymer TestN/A Use

Organic Compounds Carbo- hydrates ProteinsLipids Nucleic Acids Made of? (elements) C, H, O 1:2:1 ratio C, H, O, N C, H, O No Ratio C, H, O, N, P Monomer Simple Sugar C 6 H 12 O 6 Amino Acids Fatty Acids Nucleotide PolymerStarchesProtein Lipids: steroid, waxes RNA & DNA Test Benedict’s (Monomer) Lugol’s (Polymer) Biuret’s Brown Paper Bag N/A UseEnergy Structural Elements & Enzymes Structural Elements Cell Membranes Heredity Information

Which of the following macromolecules found in animal tissues functions to insulate and help animals conserve heat? Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids Proteins Proteins Nucleic acids Nucleic acids Carbon is important to living things because: It metabolizes easily, creating a quick energy source It metabolizes easily, creating a quick energy source It is abundant on the Earth’s surface It is abundant on the Earth’s surface It can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms It can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms It has 12 protons and neutrons It has 12 protons and neutrons Nucleotides are to nucleic acids as amino acids are to: A. DNA B. Polypeptides C. Proteins D. Carbohydrates When Lugols turns dark blue to black in color, it is an indicator for the presence of what compound? A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Nucleic acids

Enzymes  Enzymes are proteins used to speed up reactions. (catalyst) specific to the reactions they catalyze. reusable.

Enzymes  What effects them and how? Temperature Temperature Optimal point, denatures when too hot or cold usuallyOptimal point, denatures when too hot or cold usually pH pH Optimal point, denatures when to acidic or basic usuallyOptimal point, denatures when to acidic or basic usually Concentration Concentration As concentration increases so does reaction rateAs concentration increases so does reaction rate

What are enzymes? Catalysts used by living things Catalysts used by living things Catalysts used in all reactions Catalysts used in all reactions Chemicals used to increase activation energy Chemicals used to increase activation energy Fats used by living things to help speed up chemical reactions Fats used by living things to help speed up chemical reactions How does an enzyme affect a chemical reaction? It increases the amount of product formed It increases the amount of product formed It decreases the amount of product formed It decreases the amount of product formed It increases the activation energy It increases the activation energy It decreases the activation energy. It decreases the activation energy. One enzyme can facilitate the reaction of many substrate molecules. Why does an enzyme have this ability? Enzymes are super charged. Enzymes are super charged. Enzymes are reusable. Enzymes are reusable. Enzymes are made from proteins. Enzymes are made from proteins. Enzymes are disassociated. Enzymes are disassociated. The graph shows that temperature Has no affect on enzyme activity Has no affect on enzyme activity Has an optimum where the enzyme works best Has an optimum where the enzyme works best Can denature the enzyme Can denature the enzyme Both B and C are correct Both B and C are correct

The Cell Theory States That all Living Organisms Are: Made of one or more cellsMade of one or more cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and functionCells are the basic unit of structure and function Cell come only from pre-existing cellsCell come only from pre-existing cells

CellsStructureFunction

CellsStructureFunction 1 Cell Wall Extra Support 2 Cell Membrane Homeostasis 3Nucleus Controls All Cell Activities 4 Chloro- plast Makes Food 5Mito-chondria Makes Energy 6Vacuoles Stores Materials 7Ribosome Makes Proteins

Kind of Cell?

Plants vs. Animal  Plant  Cell Wall  Chloroplasts  Large vacuoles  Animal  Centrioles  Lysosomes

Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic  No nucleus or membrane bound organelles Chromatin Chromatin  Cell wall  Cell membrane  Cytoplasm  Ribosomes  Flagella/cilia  Nucleus and membrane bound organelles  Cell wall  Cell membrane  Cytoplasm  Ribosomes  Flagella/cilia

Hierarchy of Cell Organization  Organic compounds  Organelles  Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ systems

Cell Communication Cells communicate in a variety of ways…..  Direct contact through cytoplasmic bridges between the cells They share cytoplasm and its contents They share cytoplasm and its contents  Chemical signals Chemical signals are released from one cell and travel to another cell Chemical signals are released from one cell and travel to another cell These signals influence the activity of the second cell These signals influence the activity of the second cell Examples include hormones and neurotransmitters. Examples include hormones and neurotransmitters.

The mitochondrion of the cell: A. Has only one membrane B. Has no membrane C. Is circular D. Is where cellular respiration occurs Ribosomes: A. Are the site of protein synthesis B. Are made by other ribosomes C. Have their own DNA D. None of the above A(n) ________ is a group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function. A. Organ system B. Organ C. Cell D. Organelle Structures that support and give shape to plant cells are: A. Microbodies B. Golgi bodies C. Nucleus D. Cell walls

Which of the following is part of the cell theory? All cells: A. Are eukaryotic B. Are prokaryotic C. Have nuclei D. Come from other cells The storage of hereditary information in a eukaryotic cell is in the: A. Cytoplasm B. Nucleus C. Centrioles D. Lysosomes