 Everything in life boils down to interactions among chemicals Digestion of food Formation of bone tissue Contractions of muscles  Biochemistry devoted to the study of life

 Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass  In the body, most chemicals take the form of molecules  Molecules are composed of smaller units called atoms

 Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen  Proton is positively charged  Neutron – 0 charge  Electron – negatively charged

 Atomic Number equals the number of protons in the nucleus  Atomic Mass equals the number of protons and neutrons

 Negatively charged electrons surround the nucleus at a distance  In a neutral charged atom electrons and protons are equal  The number of electrons in the outer orbital determine how it behaves The farther the orbital is from the nucleus the more energy it has  May contain up to e electrons in the outer shell

Sodium (Na+) Chlorine- = Sodium Chloride

 Element – pure, made up of one atom  Molecule – a group of atoms  Compound – substance with more than one kind of atom You want lots of this

 Hydrogen plus oxygen H2O : two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen

Cells vary in SIZE and STRUCTURE Depends on what they do

All Animal Cells have Nucleus Cytoplasm (cytosol) Substance of cell outside nucleus Cell Membrane Cell Membrane is selectively permeable and made of phospholipids and protein

Directs cell activities (the “brain” of the cell) Contains genetic information (DNA) in the form of chromatin Also contains a nucleolus – makes ribosomes Has tiny pores where RNA can exit the nucleus Largest organelle in the cell Each gene has a code to produce a protein Proteins may act as enzymes

The nucleus is to the cell what the _________is to a person. The cell membrane is to a cell what the ________ is to a person. Image:

 Substance outside cell  Contains Endoplasmic reticulum

Transport system; canals and channels that connect membrane to nucleus and to organelles within the cell Smooth ER (lipid synthesis) Rough ER (contains ribosomes for protein manufacture)

Flattened membranes; function to package and deliver proteins produced by the ribosomes Proteins are exported in vesicles Contain mitochondria

Chemical energy from food is converted to a useable form (ATP) process is called Cellular Respiration The “powerhouse” of the cell CRISTAE

Lysosomes - contain digestive enzymes to break down substances Centrosome – forms a spindle during cell division Vesicles – packaged substances, exported Microfilaments and Microtubules - cell skeleton (cytoskeleton), maintains shape and functions in movement Cilia & Flagella

Diffusion - molecules tend to spread out Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion Animation

SALT SUCKS o Hypertonic o Hypotonic o Isotonic

Osmosis Animation

Filtration Active Transport  Exocytosis  Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis)

Mitosis = nuclear division Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis (cell division) The steps of mitosis ensure that each new cell has the exact same number of chromosomes as the original Interphase = growth phase, differentiation occurs

Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase IPMAT

1. chromosomes visible (chromatids) 2. centrioles migrate to the poles 3. nuclear membrane disappears 4. nucleolus disappears 5. spindle forms

1. chromosomes line up on the equator, spindle attaches

1. chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

1. chromosomes disappear chromatin 2. nuclear membrane reforms 3. nucleoli reappears 4. spindle disappears 5. centrioles duplicate

- division of the cytoplasm to form 2 new daughter cells - organelles are divided - daughter cells are genetically identical Cells return to interphase

 H+ = acidic  HCO3- = alkaline (base) = bicarbonate  CO2 forms H2CO3 = carbonic acid High levels of CO2 makes for acidosis in the body

 Carbohydrates means carbon and water

 Lipids – Triglycerides - one glycerol and 3 fatty acids Phospholipids – only two fatty acids and a phosphorous group Forms membranes of cells

 Have a steroid structure  Stabilizes membranes and makes steroids

 Proteins are large units composed of basic units called amino acids

 LARGE  Participate in chemical processes Hormones Enzymes Can fold and bend to get what we need