What factors are involved in population growth?

II. Population Parameters and Processes 1. Total Fertility Rate a. At least a rate of 2.1 births is needed to replace population – WHY ? b. The more developed a region the less fertility rates will be c. The more education a women receives the lower fertility rates will be. A. Important Demographic Statistics d. Religious and cultural issues also can play a role.

Based on the graphs predict the total fertility rate -- rank the regions from highest to lowest.

What countries (3) have the highest female literacy? TFR?

2. Infant Mortality Rates Highest Infant Mortality Rate (deaths per 1,000 births): Angola Afghanistan Sierra Leone Mozambique Liberia Niger Somalia Mali Tajikistan Guinea-Bissau Lowest Infant Mortality Rate (deaths per 1,000 births): Singapore Sweden Japan Iceland Finland Norway Malta Czech Republic3.97 9Andorra Germany United States6.5

What regions have the highest and lowest Infant Mortality?

3. Life Expectancy a. Major factors that affect L.E. are violence, poor health care, epidemic disease, and famine. b. 1950s, only five countries in the world had a life expectancy over 70 years --- Today some 60 countries outside of North America and Europe have life expectancy over 70 (none in Sub-Saharan Africa) c. AIDS – 36 million HIV positive and 95% of them live in developing nations What regions have the highest and lowest Life Expectancy

4. Crude Birth Rate (CBR) 5. Crude Death Rate (CDR) 6. Natural Increase Rate (NIR) a. Negative = more deaths than births b. Positive = more births than deaths c. Some Regions are showing negative growth - Europe for example What regions have the highest and lowest Natural Increase Rate

d. Factors that affect natural increase 1) Economic development – Higher economic development = lower NIR 2) Education affects – Higher education = lower NIR 3) Gender empowerment – Countries w/ women who have more economic and political access, power, and education = lower NIR 4) Health care – better health, lower infant mortality = higher NIR --- but --- better health care also means more access to contraception = lower NIR 5) Cultural traditions – cultures can encourage high birth rates or limit opportunities outside the home, by elevating mother hood to a high position or discouraging the use of birth control = higher NIR

6) Public Policy - Example: China's one child policy creates economic incentives and legal penalties related to the number of children born – In Japan births encouraged B. Demographic Accounting Equation - formula used to predict how population will grow. 1. Start with population now and then, subtract the number of deaths, add immigration, and subtract emigration. 2. Because of all the potential factors that can affect population growth and variables can change over time making it harder to predict growth 3. Example of Population Projection

P (t + 1) = P (t) + B (t, t + 1) - D (t, t + 1) (Natural Change) + I (t, t + 1) - E (t, t + 1) (Net Migration) Where P = population B = births D = deaths I = immigration E = emigration t = time now t + 1 = some time in the future