Imperialism in Africa and India

Egypt and northern Africa Mohammed Ali

Suez Canal Ferdinand de Lesseps British protectorate

British expand up the Nile

Bantus, Boers, & British in South Africa Ethnic majorityBoers – farming/ranching

The Boer War, ‘Apartheid’

Cecil Rhodes and Rhodesia “from the Cape to Cairo”Gold and Diamond mines

The machine gun Maxim – 650 rounds p. min ‘Battle of Omdurman’ 28 v. 11,000

Indirect v. Direct rule  British tended to use indirect  Relatively little investment, use local elites and political systems to run the daily affairs  Mother country had top-level administrator, and military, to tell colony what to do for mom’s benefit (taxes, products)  African rules for Africans, European rules for Europeans  French tended to use direct  French administrator (governor) and many bureaucrats down to local commissioners to deal with local officials  French tried to assimilate natives into French culture

Legacies of Imperialism  European need for boundaries and maps  Berlin Conference of 1886  Ignored tribal rivalries  African nationalism  ‘new class’ of elites, sometimes educated at Western schools, confused by hypocrisy of rulers  “White Man’s Burden” – racism  Ceiling for how far an African could advance in colonial system

India – British East India Co.

Sepoy Mutiny

Power transferred to Crown  Benefits of British rule  Order and stability  Education  Railroads, telegraph, mail  End to brutal traditions  Costs of British rule  Economic – most money went to British, few Indians  Decline of native crops, increase in cotton production, become dependent on Britain