Morphology 11

2 Morphology is the field within linguistics that studies the internal structure of words. linguistics

Morphology 13 the smallest unit of grammatical analysis. a morpheme

Morphology 14 be identifiable from one word to another  and Contribute in some way to the meaning of the whole word.

Morphology 15 Analytical process: Synthetical process: Doctor doktor To a doctor k doktorovi English Slovak more and shorter words fewer and longer words

Morphology 16  Monofunctional morphemes – agglutination Polyfunctional morphemes – inflection Analytical process - isolation.

Morphology 17 Models of morphology Morpheme-based morphology, which makes use of an Item-and-Arrangement approach.Morpheme-based morphologyItem-and-Arrangement Lexeme-based morphology, which normally makes use of an Item-and-Process approach.Lexeme-based morphologyItem-and-Process Word-based morphology, which normally makes use of a Word-and-Paradigm approach.Word-based morphologyWord-and-Paradigm

Morphology 18 A word and its forms: DERIVATION

Morphology 19  MORPHEMES  derivational  inflectional work – work(-s) work – work (-ed)  paradigm read + -er un- + tie

Morphology 110 Derivationally related words are different words with a shared base. We talk about so called word classes, primary grammatical categories, parts of speech or lexical categories:

Morphology 111 Why do we group words into categories?

Morphology 112 The lexicon (vocabulary) of language - much higher than a hundred thousand. It is convenient not to study individual items but to group certain items into classes sharing certain features, and examine them together

Morphology 113  conversion (or zero derivation)  word passing from one word class to another (or several others) without taking any affix

Morphology 114 Verbs derived from verbs Adverbs derived from adjectives: Nouns derived from nouns Nouns derived from members of other word classes Adjectives derived from adjectives Adjectives derived from members of other word classes Verbs derived from members of other word classes

Morphology 115  Jill laid the book on the table.   The book lay on the table.

Morphology 116  Intransitive Transitive  LIE (past lay)LAY (past laid)  RISE (past rose)RAISE ( raised)  FALL (past fell)FELL (past felled)  SIT (past sat)SET (past set)

Morphology 117  The transitive verbs are called CAUSATIVE that is they mean „cause to X “where X stands for the meaning of the corresponding intransitive.

Morphology 118  A word and its forms: INFLECTION

Morphology 119  (- s ), (- ed),(-er), are attached to words to indicate their grammatical functions, for example number, tense, degree, without involving a full semantic change (i.e. a change in meaning).  i n f l e x i o n a l morphemes.  p a r a d i g m  Inflectionally related word forms are the forms of the same word  A paradigm is the complete set of related word- forms associated with a given lexeme

Morphology 120 LEXEME ?

Morphology 121  PERFORM  This pianist performs in the local hall every week.  Mary told us that this pianist performed in the local hall every week.  These pianists perform in the local hall every week.

Morphology 122  PERFORM = LEXEME=an abstract kind of word of which the word forms are all inflectional variants

Morphology 123  TELL is a lexeme of told (past tense of tell )  PIANIST is a lexeme of PIANISTS (plural of pianist)

Morphology 124  Inflection vs. word-formation

Morphology 125  inflectional rules - relate different forms of the same lexeme inflectional rules  word-formation - relate two different lexemes.word-formation

Morphology 126  word-formation:  derivation and compounding derivationcompounding

Morphology 127  Roots in English are mostly free rather than bound.

Morphology 128  How can we tell that a pair of such roots constitutes a compound word?

Morphology 129 a green house

Morphology 130  Black bóard (board that is black) bláckboard (board for writing on)  Silk wórm (worm made of silk = toy) sílkworm(caterpillar that spins silk)  Hair nét (net made of hair) háirnet ( net for covering hair)  White house (house that is white) (the) Whíte House  Toy fáctory (factory that is a toy) tóy factory (factory where toys are made)

Morphology 131  COMPOUNDS

Morphology 132  Stress (only compound nouns)  meaning that is more or less idiosyncratic (unusual) or unpredictable.

Morphology 133  COMPOUND VERBS:  COMPOUND ADJECTIVES  COMPOUND NOUNS  HEADED AND HEADLESS COMPOUNDS  BLENDS AND ACRONYMS  COMPOUNDS CONTAINING BOUND COMBINING FORMS  PHRASAL WORDS

Morphology 134  COMPOUND VERBS:  COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

Morphology 135  COMPOUND VERBS

Morphology 136  VERB_VERB (VV)  stir-fry, freeze-dry  NOUN –VERB (NV)  hand-wash, air-condition, steam-clean  ADJECITVE-VERB (AV)  dry-clean, whitewash  PREPOSITION-VERB (PV) underestimate, outrun, overcook

Morphology 137  right-headed

Morphology 138  COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

Morphology 139  NOUN-ADJECTIVE (NA) sky-high, coal-black, oil-rich  ADJECTIVE-ADJECTIVE (AA) grey-green, red-hot  PREPOSITION-ADJECTIVE (PA) underfull, overactive