1. Ch4 – Features Consider the following data from Mokilese
Can you identify complementary distribution?
If so, write a rule in feature to capture the overall process (not specific rules for specific sounds but for natural classes)

2. Ch4 – Features Consider the following data from Mokilese
High vowels become voiceless between voiceless consonants
+syllabic 
[–voice] /
- sonorant
___
+dorsal
- voice
+high

3. Ch 5 - Morphology
The part of the grammar that is concerned with words and word formation
Lexicon - your mental dictionary - the filing cabinet drawer for how words are put together and what the meanings of this different parts are
Word - the smallest free form found in language (it does not have to occur in fixed position with respect to other forms)

4. Ch 5 - Morphology
Morpheme - the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function (builder has 2 morphemes: build and -er)
Simple words - contain only 1 morpheme
Complex words - contain more than 1 morpheme
Free morpheme - a morpheme that can be a word by itself
Bound morpheme - a morpheme that must be attached to another element

5. Ch 5 - Morphology Allomorphs - the variant forms of a morpheme
English indefinite article has 2 allomorphs: a and an
English plural has 3 allomorphs - what are they? cats, dogs, horses

6. Ch 5 - Morphology Word structure
Root - the core of the word and carries the major component of meaning
Lexical category - Noun (N), Adjective (A), Verb (V), Preposition (P)
Affixes - general term for a morpheme that does not have a lexical category, and is always bound
Base is the form to which an affix is attached (most cases it is the root)

7. Ch 5 - Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix
Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not)
kindness
1) Identify the root A
kindness

8. Ch 5 - Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix
Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not)
kindness
2) Attach the suffix and determine lexical category of the word N Af A
kindness

9. Ch 5 - Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix
Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not)
kindnesses
1) Identify the root A
kindnesses

10. Ch 5 - Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix
Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not)
kindness
2) Attach the 1st affix and determine lexical category of the word N Af A
kindnesses

11. Ch 5 - Morphology [[[[ kind ]A ness]N es]N
Word trees - (Af) means Affix
Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not)
kindness
3) Attach the 2nd affix to the new base and determine lexical category of the resulting word Af N N A Af
kindnesses
[[[[ kind ]A ness]N es]N

12. Ch 5 - Morphology Affixes can be suffixes, prefixes or infixes
Infixes must be morphemes inserted into the root of the word, and not just adding another prefix or suffix to an existing one
freakin’ as an infix: abso-freakin-lutely not *absolute-freakin-ly
a true English infix?
Problems: some words that have an affix no longer allow the root to be a free form - unkempt, inept, overwhelmed - any others?
Some words appear to have affixes but are considered one morpheme - receive, submit, permit (still formed with other affixes like they do have affixes though - permission, reception)

13. Ch 5 - Morphology
Derivation - an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from its base
Complex derivations - when there are multiple affixes
Structurally ambiguous words - unlockable Af A Af A V A V Af Af V
unlockable
unlockable

14. Ch 5 - Morphology
Constraints on derivation - suffix -ant cannot affix to native English words, only borrowed words from Latin
Sometimes constraint is phonological - -en can only attach as a suffix to a monosyllabic base ending in an obstruent.

15. Ch 5 - Morphology 2 different classes of affixes:
Class 1 affix - triggers phonological changes in consonants or vowels of the base - stress shifts (not talking about spelling)
Class 2 affix - phonologically neutral, having no effect on base or stress of resulting word (not talking about spelling)
Usually, Class 2 affixes cannot come between Class 1 affixes and the root.
*fearlessity, but ok fearlessness, relational, divisiveness

16. Ch 5 - Morphology
On p. 110, un- is a prefix that attaches to an adjective and here it attaches to a noun

17. Ch 5 - Morphology
Compounding - compound word is the combination of two already existing words
The right-most word determines the lexical category of the new compound word (greenhouse is a noun because house is a noun although green is an adjective) - the morpheme that determines the category is called the head
Spelling is not consistent with how compounds are represented - high school, high-school, highschool
Pronunciation differences between compound and A + N sequence - blackbird versus black bird
Inflectional suffixes can only be added to second form in compound (tense or plural) so drop kicked but not *dropped kick

18. Ch 5 - Morphology
Inflection - the modification of a word’s form to indicate grammatical information of various sorts
The base that inflectional forms are added to is sometimes called a stem (like root for derivational affixation)
This is different from derivation
Includes Tense, Aspect, Number, person/number agreement, case

19. Ch 5 - Morphology
There are many irregular forms in English that don’t use the affixation of inflection as discussed. (go + PAST = goed? no, went)
Inflection versus Derivation
Inflection does not change the grammatical category or the meaning of the word to which it is affixed
Derivation can change the category and does change the meaning (although still related) (All English prefixes are derivation even though they do not change the lexical category of the word)
Derivational affixes have to occur closest to base. neighborhoods but not *neighborshood
Inflectional affixes can combine with nearly every possible word (plural -s) but derivational affixes can combine with a more limited set (-ment)

20. Ch 5 - Morphology Inflection versus Derivation
Special case of -ing: There are 3 -ing affixes!
1) Derivational: Verb + -ing = Noun - I watched the dancing in the room.
2) Derivational: Verb + -ing = Adjective - The dancing frog
3) Inflectional: Verb + -ing = Verb - The frog is dancing

21. Ch 5 - Morphology
Inflection - in English is usually marked with affixes (suffixes)
Can also be marked through Internal Change - a process that substitutes one nonmorphemic segment for another to mark a grammatical contrast
Ablaut (vowel alterations): sing, sink, drive - sang, sank, drove OR feet and geese from foot and goose - what about dive?
Suppletion - replaces a morpheme with an entirely different morpheme in order to indicate a grammatical contrast
to be in English is made up of a few different forms not related to each other through affixation or internal change: is, was, were, are, am, be

22. Ch 5 - Morphology INFLECTION
Reduplication - total or partial - the repetition of all or part of a word to indicate a grammatical or semantic contrast
Tone placement - different pitch to indicate different tense (Spanish has an inflectional stress to indicate tense and person - hablo versus habló)
Agreement – when one word is inflected to match a certain grammatical properties of another word – number, person (Eng. 3rd Sing Present –s: he speaks
Case - is a change in a word’s form to indicate its grammatical role (subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.)
He/his/him, I/mine/me
Ch 5 - Morphology

23. Ch 5 - Morphology
Conversions - changing one word from one category to another without the use of affixes (zero derivation or zero affixation)
Also, productivity – still can write rules for non-productive morphology (like –en plural oxen)

24. Ch 5 - Morphology

25. Ch 5 - Morphology

26. Ch 5 - Morphology
In order to figure out the morphemes, must find morphological minimal pairs (2 words that differ with only 1 morpheme) then figure out what the diffs in meaning are and you can figure out the morphemes.
atanipenda vs. atakupenda = he will like me vs. he will like you
So we know that –ni- must be me (Obj) and –ku- must be you (Obj)
Figure out with the data that the order of the morphemes is:
SUBJECT + TENSE + OBJECT + ROOT

27. Ch 5 - Morphology
Morphological rules to derive the correct forms. Since there are 3 prefixes attaching to root, we start with the one closest to root.
1.)Object Marking
X  OP + X in [+Verb]
Where OP is selected from:
ni- [+me-object]
ku- [+you-object]
m- [+him-object]
tu- [+us-object]
wa- [+them-object]

28. Ch 5 - Morphology
Morphological rules to derive the correct forms. Since there are 3 prefixes attaching to root, we start with the one closest to root.
2.)Tense Marking
X  Tense + X in [+Verb]
Where TENSE is selected from:
ta- [+future]
na- [+present]
me- [+past]

29. Ch 5 - Morphology
Morphological rules to derive the correct forms. Since there are 3 prefixes attaching to root, we start with the one closest to root.
3.)Subject Marking
X  SP + X in [+Verb]
Where SP is selected from:
a- [+he-subject]
ni- [+I-subject]
u- [+you-subject]
tu- [+we-subject]
penda root
nipenda Object Marking
tanipenda Tense Marking
atanipenda Subject Marking
atanipenda Output of morphology

30. Ch 5 - Morphology
Questions about morphological rules?