 100 Years War and Black Death  Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church  The Corruption within the Catholic Church

 Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic  The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church  People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

 In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions  The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions

Leading the good life was more important than performing religious rituals Wanted to REFORM the Church, not break with it, others want to go further

 Martin Luther  John Calvin  Henry VIII

 Lived from in Germany  Father encouraged him to study law  A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

 He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven  He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort  In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for

“The righteous shall by his faith.” Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

 A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)  He criticized:  The Power of the Pope  The Extreme Wealth of the Church  Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

 Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs  Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany  Gained support from people and criticism from Church

The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible. This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.

 1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his beliefs  Luther burned the order and was excommunicated  The Diet of Worms  Luther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further

 He was the Pope during the height of the corruption

 Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas  Lutheranism was formed  Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms  The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

Peasants living in Germany supported Luther and his ideas. In a brutal uprising, peasants in Germany revolted against the German princes. Peasants believed that reformers would support the peasants revolt against the German princes.

Luther and other reformers support the German princes. Catholics and Protestants Fight Results in the Peace of Augsburg –Each German prince could choose religion of their state –Subjects would need to follow their choice

“May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.” - Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

 Anti-Catholic  Influenced by Martin Luther  Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through faith alone.”  Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland

 Calvin believed in:  Salvation through Predestination  At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell

 Foreknowledge  God knows everything that will happen in your life  Purified approach to life:  No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..

 Started in Switzerland – Calvinists  England = Puritans  Scotland = Presbyterians  Holland = Dutch Reform  France = Huguenots  Germany = Reform Church

Puritan Hugeunots Presbyterian

Reformation in France French Huguenots, many of which were nobles, threatened the Catholic Monarchy During the French Wars of Religion, ( ) Huguenots were persecuted –Henry of Navarre ascends to the throne

Henry is a Huguenot – he converts (changes) to Catholic and signs the Edict of Nantes in 1598 Edict of Nantes –Ends war –Recognizes Catholicism as official religion of France –Gives Huguenots right to worship and legal rights

English Reformation King Henry VIII wants a annulment from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon –No male heir to the throne After years of arguing, Henry declares himself Head of the Church of England (Anglican Church) by the Act of Supremacy

Catholic Reformation In response to the Protestant Reformation the Catholic Church took steps to reform from within. This is known as the Catholic [REFORM]ation

3 Pillars The Jesuits Took a special vow of obedience to the pope Successful in restoring Catholicism to parts of Germany and Europe Reform of the Papacy Pope Paul III called the Reform Commission in 1537 Recognized the Jesuits Began Council of Trent Council of Trent Met on and off for 18 years in Austria Reaffirmed a clear body Roman Catholic Doctrine Condemned the sale of indulgence