Mind Map Ecosystem organisms populations a stable system with interaction between same species living in the same habitat community different groups form environment consists of abiotic factors including 1. temperature 2. light 3. rainfall and humidity 4. wind 5. soil 6. pH biotic factors are interaction of organisms in the habitat 1. predation 2. competition 3. commensalism 4. mutualism 5. parasitism including components including 1. food web 2. pyramid of energy 3. pyramid of numbers 4. pyramid of biomass food chains producers primary consumers secondary consumers tertiary consumers decomposers trophic levels their positions are called made up of 1. carbon cycle 2. nitrogen cycle materials that can be recycled in it energy flow within it can be represented by

7.5 Environmental protection Summary Measures of Environmental protection Preserving biodiversity Protecting endangered species The 3Rs concept Improving air quality Improving water quality otherwise, Disruption of food chains Loss of habitats illegal to kill, capture or sell Set nature reserves Reduce Reuse Recycle Control of emissions from motor vehicles Control of emissions from industry Education Enforcement by law Treatment of chemical wastes Sewage treatment

Mind Map damaged by humans through Environment causes pollutants include solid wastes to landfill sites cause include air pollution 1. acid rain 2. global warming 3. destroying ozone layer 4. photochemical smog 1. sulphur dioxide 2. nitrogen dioxide 3. carbon monoxide 4. carbon dioxide 5. particulates 6. lead 7. CFCs water pollution 1. domestic wastes 2. agricultural wastes 3. industrial wastes land pollution noise pollution over-exploitation of resources 1. deforestation 2. over-consumption of fossil fuels

Mind Map Environment measures for environment protection 1. preserving biodiversity 2. protecting endangered species 3. recycling of used materials 4. pollution control 5. educating the public 6. enforcement of law sustainable development target

Summary Palisade mesophyll cells are closely packed and contains many chloroplast Cuticle & epidermis are transparent Stomata are mainly found on the lower epidermis Allow light to pass into mesophyll Ensure that maximum amount of light can be received Minimise water loss during the gaseous exchange 8.7 Leaves – organs of photosynthesis Features of leafAdaptation for photosynthesis

The leaf is thin Spongy mesophyll has many air spaces The leaf is flat Allow rapid diffusion of gases into and out of the cells Gases & light can reach the mesophyll cells easily Provide a large surface area for absorbing sunlight 8.7 Leaves – organs of photosynthesis Summary Features of leafAdaptation for photosynthesis

Mind Map Photosynthesis requirements occurs inside process consists of rate can be affected by products function in cells converted to 1. chlorophyll 2. carbon dioxide 3. sunlight 4. water chloroplasts 1. light reactions 2. dark reactions 1. light intensity 2. carbon dioxide concentration glucoseoxygen provides energy 1. amino acid 2. sucrose 3. starch 4. cellulose 5. fats