1. Ecology Relationship of organisms with each other and their environment

3. Organism / individual of a species

4. Population

5. Community / Groups of populations / Ex. Coral reef is home to a variety ofliving organisms / Groups of populations / Ex. Coral reef is home to a variety ofliving organisms

6. Ecosystems / Includes the abiotic factors and bioticfactors in an area / ex. Coral reefecosystem has manyspecies / Abiotic / Temperature / Water / Light / Includes the abiotic factors and bioticfactors in an area / ex. Coral reefecosystem has manyspecies / Abiotic / Temperature / Water / Light

8. With your neighbor, label as many biotic and abiotic factors as you can in the picture below.

9. Biosphere Sum of all Earth’s Ecosystems

10. I. Energy Flow A. Producers / Make their own food through photosynthesis / Ex. Plants, algae A. Producers / Make their own food through photosynthesis / Ex. Plants, algae

11. B. Consumers / Feed on other organisms, cannot make their own food / Example: deer, humans, mouse, lion, insects B. Consumers / Feed on other organisms, cannot make their own food / Example: deer, humans, mouse, lion, insects

12. C. Decomposers / Break down dead organisms, recycling chemicals / Example: fungi, bacteria, certain insects like earthworms and centipedes. C. Decomposers / Break down dead organisms, recycling chemicals / Example: fungi, bacteria, certain insects like earthworms and centipedes.

13. D. Energy enters ecosystems as LIGHT is converted to CHEMICAL ENERGY by producers and exits the ecosystem as HEAT.

14. II. Food Chain A. Trophic levels Feeding level, represents Feeding level, represents position in food chain/food web position in food chain/food web A. Trophic levels Feeding level, represents Feeding level, represents position in food chain/food web position in food chain/food web

15. B. Food Chain pathway of food transfer from one trophic level to another You always start with PRODUCERS on the left/bottom of a food chain. B. Food Chain pathway of food transfer from one trophic level to another You always start with PRODUCERS on the left/bottom of a food chain.

16. C. Producer --> Primary Consumer--> Secondary Consumer--> Tertiary Consumer D. Decomposers are found at EACH trophic level. C. Producer --> Primary Consumer--> Secondary Consumer--> Tertiary Consumer D. Decomposers are found at EACH trophic level.

17. III. Food Web A. Definition: pattern of feeding relationships. A. Definition: pattern of feeding relationships.

18. B. Draw a simple food web

19. IV. Three Kinds of Ecological Pyramids A. Energy pyramid / Description: diagram representing energy loss from one trophic level to the next / 10% Rule- an average of 10% of the available energy at a trophic level is converted to biomass in the next higher trophic level. A. Energy pyramid / Description: diagram representing energy loss from one trophic level to the next / 10% Rule- an average of 10% of the available energy at a trophic level is converted to biomass in the next higher trophic level.

20. Diagram Diagram

21. B. Biomass Pyramid / Description: represents the actual dry mass of organisms at each trophic level B. Biomass Pyramid / Description: represents the actual dry mass of organisms at each trophic level

23. C. Pyramid of Numbers / Description: the number of individual organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystem C. Pyramid of Numbers / Description: the number of individual organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystem

25. V. Chemical Cycles A. Basic plan Producers Consumers Decomposers A. Basic plan Producers Consumers Decomposers

26. B. Carbon-Oxygen Cycle / CO 2 Used for photosynthesis / Product of photosynthesis is sugar and oxygen sugar and oxygen / During cellular respiration, sugar is broken down in presence of oxygen, and CO 2 is release into air / BURN FOSSIL FUELS RELEASE CO2 / CO 2 Used for photosynthesis / Product of photosynthesis is sugar and oxygen sugar and oxygen / During cellular respiration, sugar is broken down in presence of oxygen, and CO 2 is release into air / BURN FOSSIL FUELS RELEASE CO2

30. C. NITROGEN CYCLE / Nitrogen found in amino acids, which make proteins & DNA / 80% of it is in atmosphere ( N 2 ) / Nitrogen Fixation- certain bacteria “ fix ” nitrogen gas N 2 into ammonium “ fix ” nitrogen gas N 2 into ammonium NH 3 / BACTERIA- Found near peas, beans, alfalfa / Nitrogen found in amino acids, which make proteins & DNA / 80% of it is in atmosphere ( N 2 ) / Nitrogen Fixation- certain bacteria “ fix ” nitrogen gas N 2 into ammonium “ fix ” nitrogen gas N 2 into ammonium NH 3 / BACTERIA- Found near peas, beans, alfalfa

31. / Nitrification- other bacteria convert ammonium into nitrate / Nitrification- other bacteria convert ammonium into nitrate NO 3 – / Producers absorb the ammonium and nitrates from the soil and use them to build amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids ( DNA). / Nitrification- other bacteria convert ammonium into nitrate / Nitrification- other bacteria convert ammonium into nitrate NO 3 – / Producers absorb the ammonium and nitrates from the soil and use them to build amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids ( DNA).

33. / Consumers eat plants with Nitrogen / Decomposers release Nitrogen / Consumers eat plants with Nitrogen / Decomposers release Nitrogen Some bacteria turn the Nitrogen back into a gas (N 2 ) Denitrification

34. D. WATER CYCLE / Transpiration- water evaporated from leaves of plants / Evaporation- turning of liquid water into a gas going to atmosphere / Precipitation- condensing of gas into liquid or even solid form to fall back to Earth / Transpiration- water evaporated from leaves of plants / Evaporation- turning of liquid water into a gas going to atmosphere / Precipitation- condensing of gas into liquid or even solid form to fall back to Earth

36. IV. Human Effects on Ecosystems A. Deforestation- clearing of forests for agriculture, lumber, & other uses--> eliminates plants that absorb CO 2. A. Deforestation- clearing of forests for agriculture, lumber, & other uses--> eliminates plants that absorb CO 2.

37. B. Greenhouse Effect / Atmospheric gases trap heat- CO 2, methane

38. C. Global Warming  Overall rise in Earth ’ s average temperature

39. D. Eutrophication Incr. nitrogen levels in water from fertilizers lead to growth of algae-- algae die off, bacteria that feed on algae use up available oxygen

40. E. Acid Rain / Smokestacks release nitrogen & sulfur compounds in air that combine with water to form acids

41. F. Water impacts / Transpiration brings a lot of water back to atmosphere, but now, less trees!

42. H. Pollution Addition of negative substances into the environment

43. I. Biological magnification / Pollutants become more concentrated in successive trophic levels

44. J. Ozone shield damage / CFCs and aerosoles destroying ozone- -> incr. UV intensity

45. VII. Why Diversity Matters / Biodiversity all variety of life on Earth / Threats to biodiversity - Habitat Destruction - Introduced species - Overexploitation / Biodiversity all variety of life on Earth / Threats to biodiversity - Habitat Destruction - Introduced species - Overexploitation

46. VIII. Conservation Biology A. Focus on hotspots B. Understanding an organism ’ s habitat C. Balance demands for resources A. Focus on hotspots B. Understanding an organism ’ s habitat C. Balance demands for resources