Chapter 17 Study Guide The Tide of War Turns

I.The Emancipation Proclamation A. Find Out 1. The reasons for the call for emancipation 2. The significance of the Emancipation Proclamation 3. The response to the Proclamation 4. The Role of African-American soldiers in the war

B.Calls for Emancipation 1. Abolitionists urged Lincoln to free all enslaved persons 2. Frederick Douglas a. Moral and practical reasons b. Make war a war against slavery 3. Lincoln criticized for being too cautious 4. Feared Constitution didn’t give power to abolish slavery where it existed (1) 5. Did not want to anger four border states (1)

Frederick Douglas, an escaped slave, was a strong voice for abolition for many years before the Civil War. He urged Lincoln to free all slaves on moral as well as practical reasons. Lincoln did not want to anger the border states nor divide the nation any further. Douglas wanted Lincoln to make the war a war against slavery.

“If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it. If I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.” A.Lincoln Lincoln decided in the summer of 1862 to emancipate slaves in the Confederacy, hoping it would weaken the South. After the Union victory at Antietam, Lincoln decided to act

C.The Emancipation Proclamation 1. Lincoln’s first priority was always to preserve the union (2) 2. January 1, Freed very few slaves 4. Lincoln thought it would weaken the South but wanted to wait until North was in a position of strength (3) 5. Symbolic measure 6. Civil War became a war to preserve the Union AND to free slaves

Emancipation’s Affect on South’s Ability to fight the War Southerners had a dependence on slave labor It freed all slaves in Confederate territory and had a tremendous impact on the public, but freed very few slaves. (4) Some slaves did provide labor for Confederate army but are not allowed to serve which freed up more whites to serve in the army Not having slaves would make it difficult to provide food for troops as well as civilians Lincoln only freed slaves in South because he saw it as a military action and wasn’t sure if Constitution gave him power. (5)

D.Response to the Proclamation 1. Abolitionist were thrilled 2. People in the North were angered because they didn’t feel it went far enough. Wanted all slaves freed, including border states. No. Democrats thought it would prolong the war. (6) 3. Most Union soldiers welcomed it because it gave them a reason to fight. (7) 4. White southerners reacted with rage because slaves ran away and joined the Union army. (7)

E.African-American Soldiers 1. Emancipation Proclamation declared that African-Americans would be welcomed in armed services, and so they rushed to enlist (8) 2. Frederick Douglas argued for recruitment ,000 Black soldiers served (8) 4. All Black regiments with white officers (9) 5. Given worst jobs and paid less (9)

F.The 54 th Massachusetts 1. Fought without pay (10) 2. Most famous black regiment in War (10) 3. July 1863, led a heroic attack on Fort Wagner in South Carolina (10) 4. African-American soldiers were usually shot or sent to slavery if captured

II.War Affects Society A. Find Out 1. The discontent with the war 2. Anger over the draft laws 3. The economic effects of the war 4. How women aided the war effort and conditions in Northern and Southern prison camps

B.Disagreements About the War 1. South a. Confederate soldiers leave army b. Lost 40% of army by end of 1863 (1) c. Many were deserters d. Southern states didn’t coordinate war effort. Each state acted independently (2) 2. North a. Copperheads were northerners who favored peace with the South (3) b. Lincoln had protestors arrested (3) c. Suspended writ of habeas corpus, preventing the government from holding them without a trial (3)

C.The Draft Laws 1. South a. Able bodied men b. Planters who owned 20 or more slaves were exempt (4) c. Could hire substitutes for up to $6000 (4) d. “A rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight” 2. Both sides passed laws of conscription(5 Similar) 3. Both sides could hire substitutes (5 Similar) 4. North offered bounties of up to $300 but South didn’t offer bounties (5 Different)

4. Draft was unpopular 5. New York City Draft riots took place in 1863 for four days D.Economic Effects of the War 1. Both sides experienced economic hardships 2. Food shortages in South (6) 3. Inflation in South (6) 4. ST-War production fueled Northern industry and fueled Northern economy giving North an advantage (7) 5. LT-Industry replaced farming as basis for national economy(7) 6. Income tax laws 7. Issued greenbacks in North

Paper money called greenbacks, because of its green color, was printed by the U.S. government during the Civil War. The new currency helped the Northern economy by ensuring that people had money to spend. It also help the Union pay for the war.

New York City Draft Riots The New York City Draft Riots occurred from July 13-16, Most of the protesting came from overwhelmingly working class men, resentful because they believed the draft unfairly affected them while sparing wealthier men who could pay to exclude themselves from the war. Lincoln eventually had to bring in troops to end the violence.

E.Resistance by Slaves 1. Slaves slowed pace of work or stopped (8) 2. Sabotaged crops and farm equipment (8) 3. Waited for Union army to free them instead of going with planters (8) 4. Some rebelled or ran away 5. Many joined Union army (8) F. Women Aid War Effort 1. Plowed fields and ran farms (9) 2. Worked front lines as volunteers, nurses, washing clothes, gathering supplies, and cooking (9)

Famous Civil War Women Belle Boyd was a confederate spy who was arrested six times by the Union army. Clara Barton was trained as a teacher but worked as a nurse during the Civil War. After the war, she founded the American Red Cross. Dorothea Dix worked as a nurse during the war. By the end of the war, over 3000 nurses trained under her leadership.

G.Civil War Prison Camps 1. Extreme Conditions 2. North-24% of 12,121 prisoners died in Elmira, NY,during just one winter (10 North) 3. Andersonville, GA a. Housed 33,000 but built for 10,000 (10South) b. Little shelter from heat or cold (10 South) c. Slept in holes scratched in dirt (10 South) d. Drinking water came from creek that served as a sewer (10 South) e. 100 men a day died from starvation, disease, and exposure (10 South)

Andersonville, GA, Prison Camp

Civil War prisoners suffered terrible hardships, but one of the worst was starvation. This soldier was found at Andersonville in Georgia, a Confederate prison camp.

III.The North Wins A. Find Out 1. The Importance of the Battle of Gettysburg 2. The Importance of the Siege of Vicksburg and Sherman’s March to the Coast 3. The Virginia Campaign to Appomattox 4. The Surrender of Appomattox

B.The North Wins 1. September 1862–Battle of Antietam 2. McClellan didn’t finish Lee 3. Lincoln replaced McClellan with Burnside 4. December 1862–Battle of Fredericksburg 5. Burnside lost 12,600 men after attacking Confederates who had dug trenches 6. Gen. Hooker replaced Burnside with another Union disaster in May 1863 at Chancellorsville, VA 7. Jackson’s death costly for South 8. Lee decides to invade North again

Battle of Fredericksburg After Antietam McClellan took a defensive position in case Lee invaded the North again Lincoln ordered him to pursue Lee into Virginia and either battle the enemy or drive him south while roads were still good (Oct. 6) McClellan waited 24 days to obey orders Lincoln replaced McClellan on Nov. 5 with General Burnside Union-120,000 troops Confederates-80,000 After heaving fighting and over 12,000 casualties the Union retreated

General Ambrose Burnside replaced Gen. George B. McClellan on Nov. 5, 1862, as Commander of the Army of the Potomac even though he didn’t want the position. After a horrible defeat at Fredericksburg in December of 1862, Lincoln replaced him with Gen. Joseph Hooker. Burnside is known more for the term “sideburns” which was taken from his facial whiskers in the 19 th century known as “burnsides.”

Chancellorsville May 2-4, 1863, General Hooker crossed the Rappahannock River near Fredericksburg Took a strong defensive position near Chancellorsville, 10 miles west of Fredericksburg Lee attacked Hooker’s force Stonewall Jackson led the Confederates on a brilliant 15 miles flanking move on the Union right but was shot in the left arm that night by his own men Union forces were driven back over the next two days and retreated Considered Lee’s greatest victory

TJ (Stonewall) Jackson was mortally wounded by his own men following the first day of the Battle of Chancellorsville. Jackson passed through his own lines and was shot in the arm by Confederate soldiers who didn’t realize Jackson was passing through. Jackson had his left arm amputated but died of pneumonia several days later. General Lee said, “He has lost his left arm, I have lost my right arm.” Lee again decided to invade the North.

C.The Battle of Gettysburg 1. Lee crossed into Southern Penn. in June of Hoped to fuel Northern discontent with war (1) 3. Also hoped for European nations to recognize the Confederacy and aid them (1) 4. Shoe factory in Gettysburg (1) 5. July 1 forces collided 6. Three day battle 7. 90,000 Union troops under Gen. Meade 8. 75,000 Confederate under Lee 9. Turning point of battle was “Pickett’s Charge” with 13,000 men 10. North failed to finish Lee’s army again ,000 Union casualties; 28,000 Confed. 12. Lee retreats to Virginia

First Day

Second Day

Third Day In November of 1863, President Lincoln was asked to speak at a dedication for the first national cemetery in the nation’s history. His Gettysburg Address is one of the most famous speeches in US history, lasting only 2 minutes.

General George Pickett lead the Confederate charge from Seminary Ridge to the Union positions at Cemetery Ridge. Pickett took 13,000 men straight at the Union center across an open field and were torn to pieces. Union soldiers bombarded the Confederates with cannon and rifle fire. (2) “Pickett’s Charge” turned out to be the turning point of the battle and the war. Gen. Lee lost 1/3 of his men, crushing his hopes for a Confederate victory in the North. Lee was forced to retreat back to Virginia. (3)

D.The Siege of Vicksburg 1. July 4, 1863 (Day after Pickett’s Charge) 2. Last Confederate stronghold on Miss. R. 3. Began attacks in May 4. Settled for long siege by surrounding city and preventing supplies from getting in (4) 5. Ate mules, dogs, and rats (4) 6. Surrendered after month and a half 7. Fulfilled big part of Anaconda Plan, giving North complete control of the Mississippi River (5) 8. Tide of war turned for North

The Siege of Vicksburg The Siege and Battle of Vicksburg lasted from May 18,1863 to July 4, The Union army had completely surrounded the city, causing the Confederates in the city to finally surrender as starvation set in.

E.Sherman’s Total War 1. General Grant promoted to commander of Union forces in March Pursue Lee in Virginia while Sherman pushed through deep South 3. Sherman took Atlanta in September Path of destruction to Savannah 60 miles wide and 300 miles long 5. Waged total war on South or war against everything that supports the enemy. His troops tore up railroads, destroyed crops, and burned and looted towns (6) 6. Lincoln was running for re-election and Sherman’s victories helped Lincoln win (7)

Sherman’s March to the Sea General William Tecumseh Sherman waged total war on the South as he marched through Georgia in the fall of He destroyed anything that helped support the South’s war efforts during his campaign.

G.Grant’s Virginia Campaign 1. Sherman began to move north through Carolinas 2. Grant moved south toward Richmond to capture the Confederate capital (8) 3. Battle of the Wilderness in May 1864 Grant loses 17,000 men but fights on (9) 4. Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor in June Grant lost 7,000 (9) 5. June of 1864 Grant arrived at Petersburg to the south of Richmond (9) 6. Dug trenches and settled in for siege 7. Lee retreated from Richmond 8. Richmond captured on April 3, 1865

H.Surrender at Appomattax 1. Grant followed Lee from Richmond 2. Lee wanted to continue fighting but knew the situation was hopeless 3. April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered at a small Virginia town called Appomattox Courthouse (10) 4. Generous terms of surrender offered

On April 9,1865, General Lee surrendered to General Grant at the little Virginia town of Appomattox Courthouse. Generous terms of surrender were offered as Confederate soldiers were allowed to keep all of their personal possessions and a horse to use for the spring planting. (11) Grant also fed hungry soldiers and allowed them to return home. After 4 long years, the Civil War was finally over.

IV.The Legacy of the War A.Find Out 1. The economic, physical, and emotional costs of the Civil War 2. The significance of the Thirteenth Amendment 3. The events related to President Lincoln’s assassination 4. The consequences of the Civil War

B.Costs of the War 1. Lincoln wants to heal the nation’s wounds and bring the North and South back together. He offers generous terms of surrender. (1) ,000 soldiers died (2) a. 360,000 Union b. 260,000 Confederate 3. Number wounded (2) a. 275,000 Union b. 260,000 Confederate 4. 3,000,000 served in both armies-10% of population 5. Economic costs were severe with the North and the South spending 5 times the amount spent in the previous 8 decades (3)

C.The Thirteenth Amendment 1. Union soldiers had been freeing slaves on plantations 2. Slaves in border states not freed 3. Thirteenth Amendment passed Congress in January of Must be ratified by states 5. Finally ratified by December of Southern states voted for the Amendment

D.Lincoln’s Assassination 1. 5 days after Lee’s surrender on April 14, 1865 (4) 2. Went to see play “Our American Cousin” at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C. (4) 3. Shot in back of the head by John Wilkes Booth, a famous actor (4) 4. Secretary of State Seward stabbed 5. VP Johnson supposed to be killed 6. Booth captured and killed 7. Lincoln died the next morning on April 15, Stunned the nation and caused intense grief. The whole Country mourned. (5)

E.Consequences of the War 1. Changed how people viewed nation in the North (6) 2. Saw U.S. as a single nation instead of a collection of states (6) 3. Caused national government to expand and become more powerful 4. Established federal banking system, funded railroads, gave away Western land, and provided for state colleges

5. Northern economy changed 6. Industry began to replace farming (7 North) 7. Economic disaster in South 8. Farms and plantations destroyed (7 South) 9. Lost 40% of livestock (7 South) % of farm machinery wrecked (7 South) 11. Factories demolished (7 South) 12. Railroad tracks torn up (7 South) 13. Labor system abolished (7 South) 14. Economic effects lasted for decades

Other Challenges How would the South be brought back into the nation (8) How would 4 million former slaves be integrated into national life (8)