Geography Review

The Five Themes of Geography 1. Location serves as a starting point 2. Place describes what a place is like 3. Human-Environment Interaction how people react to natural surroundings 4. Movement people, ideas, and goods 5. Region united by common characteristics

Six Essential Elements of Geography 1. The World in Spatial Terms 2. Places and Regions 3. Physical Systems 4. Human Systems 5. Environment and Safety 6. The Uses of Geography

The World in Spatial Terms  Where a place is located  Helps develop an awareness of the world around you

Places and Regions  Place  Not just a location  Also describes what the place is like  Landforms, climate, and animal life  Language and way of life  Regions  United by one or more common characteristic

Physical System  How systems shapes the earth’s surface  Hurricanes, volcanoes, glaciers, etc.  Look at communities of plants and animals that depend upon one another and their surroundings

Human Systems  How people have shaped our world  How boundary lines are determined  Why people settle in certain places and not others

Environment and Society  Relationship between people and their natural surroundings  How people use the environment  How peoples actions effect the environment

The Uses of Geography  Helps us understand the relationships among people, places, and environments over time.  Using the tools in geography prepares life in modern society

Cardinal Directions  North  South  East  West

Vocabulary  Absolute location-Exact position of a place on the surface expressed in latitude and longitude  Region-An area that is unified by one or more characteristics  Grassland-An area where the natural vegetation is grass  Relative location-The location of a place in location to another place  Plain-A landform that is generally level

Vocabulary continued  Barrier island-An island that protects the main body of land from ocean waves  Cultural diffusion-borrowing and integrating ideas specific to one group of people into the culture of another group  Middle latitudes-the area midway between the equator and the North and South poles.  Human/Environment interaction-how people use, adapt, or change their surroundings and how the physical environment often affects humans  Plateau-broad level land form that has steep cliffs

Latitude  Lines that are parallel to the equator.  Starts at the equator, increases going North and South.  Equator equals 0*.  Tropic of Cancer is 23*30’ N  Tropic of Capricorn is 23*30’ S

Longitude  Lines that cross the parallels.  Numbers start increasing East and West.  Prime Meridian equals 0*

Hemisphere  The equator divides the earth in half to form hemispheres.  Everything north of the equator is the northern hemisphere.  Everything south of the equator is the southern hemisphere.

Absolute Location  Lines of latitude and longitude cross over.  You can name the places absolute location by naming the intersected lines.  Willis- 30 ° 25 ' N / 95 ° 28 ' W  Mexico City- 19 ° 25 ' N / 99 ° 7 ' W  Fairbanks, Alaska- 64 ° 50 ' N / 147 ° 42 ' W

Reading Maps  Map key-explains lines, symbols, and colors used on the map  Roads, highways, cities, roads, towns, etc.  Scale-shows relationship between map measurements and actual distances  Can be measured with a ruler to calculate actual distances  Compass rose-shows where cardinal directions are positioned  May only point in one direction

Reading Maps What are 3 cities on the map? What is the state capitol? Where is the Alamo? What are the 2 bodies of water? What direction is Dallas from Houston?