Environmental Engineering Introduction to Engineering Dr. Hasan Hamouda

What is Environmental Engineering Science? We are concerned with the quality and availability of environmental resources and with the waste streams that impact them. Science…improve our understanding of natural processes Engineering…use this understanding to develop and apply technologies that will maintain or improve environmental quality

What is an engineer? Problem solver. Specifically, one who uses science to solve real world problems. SO, what about an environmental engineer? Solves environmental problems using scientific tools

Environmental Engineering Air pollution Control devices-control unit Permitting-license Modeling Water (surface and groundwater): Treatment & disinfection Storage and distribution Dispersion Quality

Environmental Engineering Wastewater Solid Wastes Hazardous Wastes Radioactive Wastes Integrated Systems Pollution Prevention Other – noise and light pollution

WATER QUALITY Engineering Water treatment - take water from a source and subject it to treatment processes to make the water suitable for its intended use Waste water treatment - after water is used, it is collected and treated to make it suitable to be returned to the environment

World Population Billion8.9 Billion5.6 Billion Increase until 2050:  50 % of the Population  100 % of the Consumption per Capita (1.4 %/a, av ) Consumption Bomb (Paul Harrison)

Water Availability Worldwide Renewable Freshwater:40,000 km 3 / year Withdrawals: Irrigation 2,500 km 3 /year  freshwater is polluted by used water Industry 750 km 3 /year Municipalities 350 km 3 /year Total: 10% (incl. 200 km 3 /a evaporation) But:  a large fraction is available where human demands are small (e.g. Amazon basin, Alaska)  Rainfall and river runoffs occur in large amount during very short periods (e.g. monsoon period in Asia) ITV: 1.4 billion km3 35 mill. km3 fresh water km3 usable ITV: 1.4 billion km3 35 mill. km3 fresh water km3 usable

Basic Water Requirement Drinking Water: 5 liters/day Sanitation Services: 20 liters/day 2.2 Billion People Live in 62 Countries with less than 50 l / (person * day) Food Preparation: 10 liters/day Bathing: 15 liters/day Recommended Minimum: 50 liters/day Water Withdrawal Municipalities:3 to 560 l / (day * person) Industry:3 to 3,100 l / (day * person) Agriculture:3 to 14,100 l / (day * person)

Water for Food 1 kg (0.2 to 1.5 kg) of Cereal Grains (CG) per 1,000 liters of Water USA:800 kg CG / (person * year) India:300 kg CG / (person * year) Africa South of Sahara:180 kg CG / (person * year) Water Consumption = f (Living Standard & Export) 1 kg Eggs3.2 kg CG3,200 l Water 1 kg Lamb17.2 kg CG17,200 l Water

Korea Standards for Pollutants Discharged by Industry (1996) + Nitrogen and Phosphorus Standards

Korea Standards for Pollutants Discharged (1996)

Korea Standards for Pollutants Discharged (1996)

increasing salination organics shortage f (GNP) Water Supply Environmental Protection Wastewater Treatment and Recycling Desalination Plants Conflicts The Water “Problem” in Arid Countries

Abwasseraufbereitungsanlage Windhoek, Namibia

Waste Water Treatment Plant Mixing Active Carbon Dosage Ozonation Flocculation Flotation Sand filtration Ozonation Active Carbon Filtration Membrane filtration Chlorination Stabilization Safety Chlorination NET Waste Water - Recycle Process

A first Water Quality Engineering Problem 1854, outbreak of cholera in London 10,000 deaths Convinced city official to remove pump handle

Boulder, CO Water Treatment Plants

How the Waste Water Treatment Plant Works

A few problems that we need to solve! RUN-OFF: Contamination of aquatic environments by fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural runoff GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION: Contamination of groundwater resources, especially by hazardous wastes REUSE: Treating wastewater for reuse

AIR QUALITY Engineering Apply science and technology to control adverse effects of air pollution on human health and welfare, on other organisms, on materials, or on ecosystems Most efforts focus on emission sources since once pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere, there are no practical engineering techniques for removing them

Clear Day Hazy Day

We’ve come a long way baby???

Kuwait, August 1990 Kuwait, February 1991

3 April 2002 This dust plume passed over urban areas in China, Korea and Japan, cruised over the Pacific Ocean and eventually made its way to Alaska. Pollution doesn’t have boundaries

WHY DO WE CARE?? Some air pollutants cause adverse health effects, and we don’t like feeling bad or dying young. Two examples of particle collectors in southern California

Human welfare… Statue damaged by acid rain Melon leaves damaged by ozone Feedlot

A few problems that we need to solve! ACID RAIN: Deposition of contaminants emitted into the atmosphere that have been converted to acidic species OZONE HOLE: Depletion of stratospheric ozone by chlorine from CFCs BIOMASS COMBUSTION: Exposure of women and children to emissions from biomass cook stoves in rural areas in developing countries