Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Types of Informative Speeches

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Give the audience a clear picture Use precision, clarity and color Consider using a presentational aid Speech of Description

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Teaches how something works, or how to do something May be simple or complex process Usually benefits from visuals Often use a sequential pattern Time to answer questions is important Speech of Demonstration

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Useful for complicated, abstract or unfamiliar concepts Demands depth of knowledge and ability to explain clearly Requires time for question and answers The Speech of Explanation

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Common in professional and community settings May be informal and brief, or formal, technical and lengthy Provides background for decisions or solving problems The Informative Oral Report

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Capturing and Maintaining Audience Attention Relevance Novelty Importance Variety

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Helping Listeners Learn Limit the number of details Support major ideas with statistics or other information Make information meaningful Decide what listeners need to know in order to understand

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Helping Listeners Learn Use restatement and repetition Take time to respond to questions Involve listeners actively Assess learning, if possible

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Ethical Considerations for informative speaking Do not camouflage a persuasive purpose as informative Be certain of accuracy of information Invite the audience to investigate on their own Think of yourself as a teacher Strive for integrity

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Persuasion & Demagoguery Reasoned arguments have substance Demagogues use a charismatic ethos Demagogues use pathos, substituting emotion for argument Rhetorical excess and extremism are unethical

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Constructing a Reasonable Argument

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Debatable assertions by the speaker Takes a side on a controversial matter and invites debate Claims

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Fact Value Policy Claims

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Advocates of new policies are expected to establish –Need for change –A specific plan –Proof the plan is workable Burden of Proof

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Fallacies of Reasoning and Evidence

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Fallacies of Relevance Appeal to Ignorance (Ad Ignoratum) –If not proven wrong, it must be right Appeal to Popular Beliefs (Ad Populum) –The bandwagon appeal The Disconnected Conclusion (Non Sequitur) –Does not follow

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Fallacies of Relevance Appeal to Tradition (Ad Verecundiam) –We’ve always/never done it this way The Red Herring –Attempt to throw off the audience The Straw Man –Attributes a flimsy argument to opponent

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Fallacies of Faulty Reasoning False Dilemma –suggests only two alternatives Begging The Questions –restates an assumed claim in different words The Faulty Analogy –compares things that are not similar The Slippery Slope –claims that a cause will inevitably lead to a negative conclusion

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Fallacies of Inadequate Evidence False Case (Post Hoc) –confuses a chronological relationship with causal one The Hasty Generalization –generalizes from too few examples

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Fallacies of Personal Attack Against the Person (Ad Hominem) –Substitutes attack for substance Guilt by Association –Dismisses an idea or person by connecting with something already discredited

Functions of Ceremonial Speaking Entertain Celebrate Commemorate Inspire Set social agendas Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Types of ceremonial speaking Speech of introduction –Describe speakers background & topic, be brief, ask audience to welcome speaker Speech of acceptance –Prepare, meaning of award, give thanks Speech of presentation –Meaning of award and why person gets it, plan physical presentation Roasts and toasts –Prepare, be positive, be brief Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Types of ceremonial speaking Eulogies and other tributes –Balance emotion, refer to family, be positive but realistic After dinner speeches –Recognize occasion, keep low key (remember the setting) Speeches of inspiration –Appeal to emotion, use real life stories, be dynamic, make your goal clear, consider organizing device (acronym), close with a dramatic ending Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008