Sentence Study Week 5 D.Deeprasert

Outline Passive voice Clause Changing clauses to modifying phrases Adjective Clause Adverb Clause Noun Clause Changing clauses to modifying phrases D.Deeprasert

Objective The students are expected to be able to read and comprehend complicated sentences by answering questions correctly. D.Deeprasert

1. Reviews of Types of dependent Clauses Adjective Clause Adverbial Clause Noun Clause 2. Passive Voice 3. Sentence Transformation  Changing Clauses modifying phrases 3. Understanding Complicated sentences D.Deeprasert

Types of Dependent Clauses 1. Adjective Clause An adjective clause is used to describe a noun: Ex. The car, which was red, belonged to Mr. Peterson. D.Deeprasert

A relative pronoun is usually used to introduce an adjective clause: Hans, who is an architect, lives in Berlin. Mike, whom Hans knows well, is an interior decorator. Judy has a dog which follows her everywhere. Mike is decorating a house that Hans designed. D.Deeprasert

More Practice on adjective clauses at: http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htm D.Deeprasert

2. Adverb clause An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb in another clause or phrase. An adverb clause answers questions such as "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?". D.Deeprasert

Type Question answered Example Place Where? Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software. Time When? After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market. Cause Why? (What caused this?) I didn't call her because I'm shy. Purpose Why? (What was the reason for doing this?) She took a computer course so that she could get a better job. Concession Why is this unexpected? Although Jay has a Master's degree, he works as a store clerk. Condition Under what conditions? If you save your money, you will be able to go to college. D.Deeprasert

More Practice on adverb clauses at: http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/advcls1.htm D.Deeprasert

3. Noun Clause A noun clause is a clause which does the work of a noun in a sentence. It is a group of words containing a subject and a finite verb of its own. Usually noun clauses begin with that, what, where, when, who, whom, which, whose, how, why, whether, etc. D.Deeprasert

Uses of Noun Clauses A. As the subject of a verb Why she kept on crying puzzled every one. B. As the direct object Nobody knows  how he got involved in gangland activities   noun clause main verb verb noun clause D.Deeprasert

c.As the complement of the verb "to be" What we are worried about is that he may have another heart attack. The question is why they could escape through the front door when there were so many guards there. D.Deeprasert

More Examples He said that he would not come. We were all curious to know what he had done. Nobody knows when the registration will begin. We all wanted to find out who the winner was. Whom they were in contact with on the day of the robbery is of great interest to the police. Jane is not sure which university she should apply for. The judges had a hard time deciding whose painting was the best. How the baby fell from the window is a mystery. They asked the boy why he had hit his classmate. Whether you like it or not is not the issue. D.Deeprasert

Passive Voice There are two special forms for verbs called voice: Active voice Passive voice Passive voice makes sense when the agent performing the action is obvious, unimportant, or unknown. The passive voice is effective in such circumstances because it highlights the action and what is acted upon rather than the agent performing the action. D.Deeprasert

To create a passive sentence, you must know: Who is the person (the "agent") of the action? (the "doer") Who is the object (the "receiver) of the action? D.Deeprasert

AGENT (person doing the flip) RECEIVER (coin) ACTIVE He flipped a coin to decide who would go first. (He is unimportant.) PASSIVE A coin was flipped to decide who would go first. (Focus on the coin flip.)   AGENT (person doing the flip) D.Deeprasert

John was shaking his little brother, Jimmy. (Focus on aggressor .) AGENT (aggressor) ACTIVE John was shaking his little brother, Jimmy. (Focus on aggressor .) PASSIVE Jimmy was being shaken by John. (Focus on victim.)  RECEIVER (victim) D.Deeprasert

The Passive is formed: Passive Subject + To Be + Past Participle It is often used in business and in other areas where the object of the action is more important than those who perform the action. Only verbs that take an object can be used in the passive. D.Deeprasert

The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb: Cats eat fish. Passive subject Verb Object Fish are eaten by cats D.Deeprasert

We have produced over 20 different models in the past two years. For Example: We have produced over 20 different models in the past two years. Changes to: Over 20 different models have been produced in the past two years. D.Deeprasert

If the agent (the performer of the action) is important, use "by“. For Example: Tim Wilson wrote "The Flight to Brunnswick" in 1987. Changes to: "The Flight to Brunnswick" was written in 1987 by Tim Wilson. D.Deeprasert

Active Passive Time Reference They make Fords in Cologne. Susan is cooking dinner. James Joyce wrote "Dubliners". They were painting the house when I arrived. They have produced over 20 models in the past two years. They are going to build a new factory in Portland. I will finish it tomorrow. Fords are made in Cologne. Present Simple Dinner is being cooked by Susan Present Continuous "Dubliners" was written by James Joyces. Past Simple The house was being painted when I arrived. Past Continuous Over 20 models have been produced in the past two years. Present Perfect A new factory is going to be built in Portland. Future Intention with Going to Future Simple D.Deeprasert It will be finished tomorrow.

More practice on Passive voice at: http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/blgrquiz_passive1.htm http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/blgrquiz_passive2.htm http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-voice_passive.htm D.Deeprasert

Changing an Adjective Clause to an Adjective Phrase 1.The subject pronoun is omitted and the be form of the verb is omitted. Clause : The actions which are taken by the government are helpful. Phrase : The actions taken by the government are helpful. Clause : John is the man who is responsible for the project. Phrase : John is the man responsible for the project. D.Deeprasert

Phrase : A copyright, assuring an author the sole right 2. If there is no “be” form of a verb in the adjective clause, it is sometimes possible to omit the subject pronoun and change the verb to its_ ing form. Clause : A copyright, which assures an author the sole right to publish, is a right that is granted by government. Phrase : A copyright, assuring an author the sole right to publish, is a right granted by government. Clause : Anyone who has a salary of 20,000 bath or more can apply. Phrase : Anyone having a salary of 20,000 bath D.Deeprasert

Clause: Large cities provide additional services which include parks. Phrase: Large cities provide additional services including parks. D.Deeprasert

Reducing Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases Sentences with the same subject can reduced after adverb- before, after, while, when, since 1. Omit the subject of the dependent clause and the be form of the verb. Adverb clause : While she was typing on the computer, she was listening to the radio. Modifying Phrase: While typing on the computer, she was listening to the radio. D.Deeprasert

Adverb clause: Before she left the office, she shut down the computer. 2. If there is no “be” form of a verb, omit the subject and change the verb -ing Adverb clause: Before she left the office, she shut down the computer. Modifying Phrase: Before leaving the office, she shut down the computer. D.Deeprasert

While I was reading the newspaper, I saw a story about an old friend.  While reading the newspaper, I saw a story about an old friend. Before I left home, I checked to see that all of the doors were locked.  Before leaving home, I checked to see that all of the doors were locked D.Deeprasert

BUT NOT: An adverb clause can be changed to a modifying phrase only when the subject of the adverb clause and the subject of the main clause are the same. No change is possible if the subjects of the adverb clause and the main clause are different. EX. Before I took a driving course, my father warned me to be cautious. Modifying Phrase * no change (because the subject of the second clause is different.) D.Deeprasert