1. PARTICIPLE

2. Participle Participle Adjective “ing” form Past participle
1) This is the term we often use for two forms of the English verb :
The “ing” participle e.g. working , losing
The PAST PARTICIPLE e.g. worked , lost
2) Many adjectives have the same form as participles.
Participle
Adjective
“ing” form
His mother is working in a factory.
A working mother
A boring lecture
Past participle
I have lost my purse.
I was bored by the lecture.
A lost purse
The bored students

3. Short Exercise: I saw a ________ house. (burn) burning
The______ leaves are flying everywhere. (fall)
falling
I don’t like ________ rice. (burn)
burnt
A _______ glass is of no use. (break)
broken
An _______ story is always amusing. (interest)
interesting

4. Adverbial participle clause
1) A participle clause is a subordinate clause in which
the “ing” participle or the past participle is the main verb.
Such clauses are found particularly in <written> English.
2) The participle normally begins the clause.
Adverbial participle clause
“ing” clause
Being a woman of firm views, Margaret decided to resign.
Past participle clause
Accused of dishonesty by the media, the Minister decided to resign.

5. 2a) adverbial participle clause:
Adverbial participle clauses are similar to clauses
of TIME or REASON..
Compare the clauses of following examples:
Being a woman of firm views,
Margaret decided to resign.
Since she was a woman of firm views,
Accused of dishonesty by the media,
the Minister decided
to resign.
After he had been accused of dishonesty
by the media,

6. Short Exercise:
________ alive for days, he survived to tell about the earthquake. (bury)
Buried
Tired and _______ , she dropped out of the race. (discourage)
discouraged
________ not finished his homework, he is punished by the teacher. (have)
Having

7. 2b) Clauses beginning with these conjunctions can be formed
with participles and without a subject:
E.g. if, unless,
(al)though, while,
where, wherever,
whether,
when, whenever, before, after, while, once, until

8. Conjunction +
Participle +
rest of clause
After
being
accused of dishonesty...
Before
meeting
the President...
While
working
in a factory... If
bought
from a recognized dealer...
Once
taken
E.g. After being accused of dishonesty, he resigned.
Before meeting the President, the press were warned
not to ask awkward questions.
Once taken, the drug has a deadly effect.

9. Short Exercise:
After _______ the movie, we had our lunch. (see)
seeing
Before _______ a lunch, we were seen the movie. (have)
having
Once _______ , the lunch is delicious. (eat)
eaten

10. Relative participle clause
2c) Relative participle clauses:
Relative participle clauses give more information about a noun.
The relative pronoun + be are omitted.
E.g. The train arriving at Platform 3...
a man known as 'The Grey Wolf'...
Relative participle clause
The train arriving at Platform 3 is the for Central.
The police are looking for a man known as ‘The Grey Wolf.’
“ing” clause
Past participle clause

11. sitting
1) The boy _________beside Candy is my brother.
( Sit )
knocked
2) The old woman ________down by a car yesterday
died in hospital this morning.
( Knock )
The boy sitting next to Alan is absent today
<-Wrong
The boy who sits next to Alan is absent today.

12. 2d) On the whole, it is better not to use participle clauses
in <speech>:they are too <formal>.But in <writing>
they can be useful, because they allow us to say the
same thing as a finite subordinate clause, but with fewer words.
2e) Sometimes a participle clause has an expressed subject:
E.g. Our company's performance this year has been slightly
disappointing. That said, we can look forward to improved
results next summer.(='Once that has been said,...')

13. THE END