United States History

Expansion  After the War of 1812  Goal was to obtain Florida  US had the Louisiana Territory  Monroe as President  Spain was weak  General Jackson – 1816 – troops crossed into Florida  Chased hostile Seminole Indians

 1817 Jackson occupied East Florida  Monroe cabinet was against the aggressive action  Adams – told Spain that US acted in self defense  Spain told to give East Florida to US to avoid further action

 Adam – Onis Treaty  Florida became part of USA  Spain gave up its claim in the Pacific Coast – north of California  Agreed to new boundaries – Texas

Manifest Destiny  Belief held that the lands in America from the Atlantic to the Pacific – belonged to the American people

Indians  Considered inferior  Military pushed Indians west  Many looked at Indians as vermin – in need of extermination  Many Indians had taken up the white man's way of life – farmers and shop keepers  People still wanted the lands owned by these Indians

 Federal government used deception to obtain some of these lands  State governments claimed the right to seize these lands  Set the stage for the removal of Indians from Georgia to Oklahoma  Trail of Tears – forced removal of Indians to lands west of Mississippi

Culture of the Frontier  Self sufficient  Men cut down trees and planted crops  Women –cooking, caring for children, clothes, soap, butter and other items  Neighbors depended on each other for help

Transportation Revolution  National Road – Cumberland Road  Maryland to Virginia  Toll Road – crushed stone surface  Lancaster Turnpike – Philadelphia – Pittsburgh –  1825–thousands of miles of turnpikes –North East  Costs of tolls and repairs of heavy wagons still made making a profit difficult  Travelers benefited

 Rivers were used for transportation  flat boats used – 2,000 mile trip – Pittsburgh/Mississippi  Wheat, Flour, Cotton, etc.

 Robert Fulton built – steam boat – Clermont / Fulton’s Folly – went 150 miles up the Hudson River –1807  1820 – 69 steamboats –western waters  Great boom for farmers and merchants  Shipping costs much lower  Used also for transportation, riverboat gambling, luxury traveling

Canals  Erie Canal – 364 miles – connecting Hudson River / Great Lakes  Lowered costs for transportation  Made New York a center of trade

Market Economy  Wheat became a main crop in western states  New England – Sheep raising  Cotton “king” crop of the deep south  Cotton profits made the south wealthy / northern states /factories benefited from this crop

Practice Thesis Statement America was relatively slow to industrialize in the early 19 th century, but because of the early development of a market economy, there always seemed to be an abundance of goods flowing throughout the country. What factors contributed to this major economic development?

Industrialization  1815 – most manufacturing was done in homes  Putting out system  Francis Lowell – built a textile factory in Massachusetts  Other factories soon developed throughout New England  Eli Whitney – Interchangeable parts  Distilleries – corn whiskey – Kentucky and Ohio

Monroe as President  Followed Madison –3 rd in a row from Virginia  Era of Good feelings  Wanted to make friends with Latin America for the benefit of USA

Supreme Court  Chief Justice John Marshall  Dominated the Court  Author of most opinions  Clarified role of Court  Shaped how the Constitution was interpreted  Felt role was to encourage economic development

Dartmouth College v. Woodward  Court asked to rule if legislature of New Hampshire had the right to convert Dartmouth from a private college to state university  Court stated that original charter was binding – ruled against the state  Charters granted from the state to a private corporation were protected by the Constitution

McCulloch v. Maryland  State of Maryland had taxed the Baltimore branch of the bank  Tax unconstitutional  Main issues were if Congress could establish a bank  If state could regulate and tax the bank

 Said Constitution had no specific clause to allow the government to establish a bank  This was a very strict interpretation  Encouraged economic growth  Also said if the state had the power to tax the bank – had the power to destroy it  Government not dependent on states

Gibbons v. Ogden  Bolstered the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce  Stated that states could not interfere with the national government’s right to regulate commerce

Monroe Doctrine  1821 Congress stated their support for the revolutions in Latin America  America also did not want European powers to establish other colonies in Latin America  Told European powers to stay away from the Western Hemisphere – America would control this sphere of influence  No real power to enforce this