Nationalism in Europe How does Nationalism both break up and unify countries in Europe? Ottoman Empire Germany Italy Austria- Hungary Russia

1830: Louis-Philippe(XVIII) now in power Rules for 18 years but French people are tired of a monarchy (again!) and violence erupts (again!) Radicals create another constitution, which has president sharing power w/ the assembly. Monarchy abolished (again) Radicals in France 1848: French people elect Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew) as their president, 4 yrs later become Emperor Emp. Napoleon III industrializes France and creates jobs Involved in two wars, helps Italians defeat Austria but loses to Prussia

Answer these questions in complete sentences in your notes (p. 256) Who was the King of France in 1830 and why did the people reject him? Who became the new King and why did the people accept him? What happened in France as radicals split into factions? Why do you think the people elect Louis-Napoleon as President?

What is Nationalism? Culture – shared way of life Nationalism says people should unite based on their language, nationality or culture Pos –overthrow absolute rule, democratic governments Neg – Forced assimilation, extreme nationalism leads to war Culture – shared way of life History -a common past Nationality – shared ethnic ancestry Language-shared communication Nation Territory – land belongs to group Religion- shared by most

Nationalist Thought Political thought in 1800s Europe: 1) Conservatives – no change, no voting, absolute monarchs rule (nobles, landowners) 2) Liberals – some change, educated vote, more power for Parliaments (middle class, merchants) 3) Radicals – drastic change, all people should vote, government should be full democracy (poor, workers) Liberals & radicals favor nationalism Nationalists think loyalty should be to a your nation, not a foreign king 1827, 1848: Nationalist Revolutions breakout in Europe Concert of Europe fails to stop nationalist revolutions

Nationalism Weakens Conservative Rule 1)Ottoman Empire ruled by Muslim Turks Ottoman Turks controlled Greeks, Arabs, Armenians, & Slavic speaking Balkans Revolutions breakout in Greece (1827) & Balkans LOSS 1827 Britain, France, Russia help Greeks win. Ottomans forced to grant equal citizenship to all 2) Russian Empire ruled by the Romanovs Nicholas I begins a policy called Russification, which forced Russian culture/language on other ethnic groups in the Empire Nationalist revolution starts in Poland in 1830, Czar Nicholas I tries to further expand Empire in Crimean War (1853) & loses Alexander II emancipates peasants but is assassinated, Alexander III strengthens absolutism – more nationalist revolts

1866 1848 1866 1866 3) Austrian Empire ruled by the Hapsburgs The Austrians controlled twelve different ethnic groups 1848: Revolutions begin to breakout in the empire starting with the Czechs. 1866: Hungary attempts to split from Austria Emperor Franz Joseph puts down Czech revolt but Hungary is given equal status, the Empire becomes Austria-Hungary 1866: Austria loses their northern German States to Prussia in the Seven Weeks War 1866 1848 1866 1866

Nationalism Unifies Italy Early 1800s Giuseppe Mazzini begins Italian Nationalism movement 1852: King Victor Emmanuel II (liberal) of the Italian state of Sardinia names Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister 1858: Di Cavour wants to unify all Italians, convinces Napoleon III to help drive Austria out of No. Italy Sardinia & France beat Austria & unify all of Northern Italy except for the Venetian Region Camillo di Cavour Sardinia King Victor Emmanuel II

HW: Part C Page 261 – Political Cartoon Questions 1-3 1860: So. Italy- nationalists are led by Giuseppe Garibaldi Garibaldi leads his “red-shirts” against conservatives in S. Italy, controls Kingdom of Two Sicilies & part of Papal States Vic. Em. & Di Cavour meet w/ Garibaldi, will unite all of Italy Victor Emmanuel will be King, Di Cavour Prime Minister 1866: Italians beat Austria and take Venetian region. 1870: King VE convinces Pope to give up Papal states Pope still controls the Vatican but Rome would become the capital of the Kingdom of Italy HW: Part C Page 261 – Political Cartoon Questions 1-3 Garibaldi Rome Pope Pius XI

Nationalism Unifies Germany 1861: Rioters in Berlin force a liberal constitution for the Kingdom of Prussia Wilhelm I becomes new King of Prussia Wilhelm appoints a junker (landowner) named Otto von Bismarck to become PM Bismarck was a master of “real politik” meaning politics of reality (tough/practical) Bismarck runs Prussia w/o Parliament’s consent – rule by blood & iron Wilhelm I Bismarck’s goal is to expand Prussia’s territory & unite all the German states Weak will be devoured by the strong! 1) 1864: Bismarck convinces Austria to join him in a war against Denmark Schleswig-Holstein Otto von Bismarck

Confederation of North German States 2) 1866: Prussia wants 22 Austrian controlled N. German states, turns its back on Austria starting Seven Weeks War Austria humiliated, Prussia gets Confed. of N. German States 3) 1867: France & Prussia go to war over control of So. German states Confederation of North German States 1870: Prussia wins Franco-Prussian War, humiliation for Napoleon III 4) 1871: Prussia unites the So. German States with Prussia creating the Empire of Germany Wilhelm becomes Kaiser of the German Empire – Bismarck is Chancellor (Prime Minister) Read History Makers – Von Bismarck p. 262

Guided Reading 8:3 Part B Answer the following questions based on what you just read on page 262 (History Makers – Otto von Bismarck) for Part B of the homework What are two different opinions of Otto von Bismarck? What were characteristics of his speeches? What do you think he means in his quote about the destiny of the weak? Re-read his last quote about Germans and war. Is he a hypocrite? Why?