1. Nationalist Revolutions Sweep West!
Chapter Eight ’s

2. Recap! What is going on in the world? Enlightenment ideas Freedom
Equality
rights
American Revolution and French Revolution
Liberty from other countries
Overthrowing governments
Peace Treaties in Europe

3. Division of how people “thought” in Europe
Conservative
Few to no enlightenment ideas
Protected the monarchies of Europe
TRADITIONAL
Usually wealthy and/or nobility
Liberal
Some enlightenment ideas
Wanted to give more power to parliament
Wanted educated and landowners to vote
MODERN
Usually middle class merchants/ business owners

4. Continued… Radical Favored drastic change for democracy for all
Government should embrace Enlightenment ideas
EXTREME LIBERALS

5. Nationalism What is nationalism?
The belief that the greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture & history

6. Continued… What was the effect of nationalism?
Tore apart centuries-old empires
Gave rise to the nation-state
= Own independent government
Not supported by Conservatives
Supported by Liberals and Radicals

7. 3 Types of Nationalism
state-building: joins separate cultures into one single culture
separation: splits groups of people apart by their cultures
unification: brings together culturally similar lands

9. Nationalists Challenge Conservatives Across the World
Ottoman Empire:The Balkans
Present day Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, and the former Yugoslavia
Greece wanted independence from them
Battle of Navarino (1827)
British, French, & Russian fleet destroyed the Ottomans and signed a treaty
Greece gains independence..first self rule!!

12. Nationalism Causes Ethnic Uprisings in 1848 in Europe

13. Russia’s nationalism causes change
By the 1800s, Russia still had not industrialized
Society and economy based on the feudal system
By the 1820s, many Russians believed that serfdom (slavery) must end
Problem was the czar did not want to free them
It would anger the landowners “masters”
Czar needed support from landowners to stay in power

14. Russia: defeat led to change
1853, Czar Nicholas I wanted to take over part of the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War
Industries & transportation system failed to provide adequate supplies for the troops
1856, Russia Lost the Crimean War
Nicholas II decided that Russia needed to modernize and industrialize
Son, Alexander II, accomplishes it

15. Czar Alexander II changes Russia
Freed the serfs in 1861
Peasant communities received about half the farmland
Nobles kept the other half
Government paid nobles for their land
Terrorists assassinated Alexander II, 1881
Political & social reforms stopped
Alexander III tightened control
Wanted to make Russia the best (nationalism)
Encouraged industrial expansion

16. Nationalism causes Separation
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires that eventually fall due to WWI

17. Nationalism causes Separation
Austrian Empire
Empire included people from many ethnic groups
1866 Prussia defeats Austria in War
Split Austria & Hungary into independent states
Both ruled by emperor Francis Joseph
NOW: called Austria-Hungary

18. Nationalism causes Separation
Russian Empire
Controlled over a dozen different ethnicities with different cultures
Used the policy of “Russification”
Forcing Russian culture on all peoples
Actually strengthened ethnic cultures
Ultimately empire falls in 1917
Due to the problems during World War I

19. Nationalism causes Separation
Ottoman Empire
Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens empire
Ottomans granted equal citizenship to all ethnicities
Conservative Turks got angry: led the genocide and deportation
of thousands of Armenians in
Empire ultimately falls
soon after World War I

20. Nationalism Causes Unity
Nationalists use their common bond to build nation-states
Rulers use nationalism to unify their subjects

21. Nationalism Causes Unity
Italy “Risorgimento”
Italy forms from crumbling empires
Italians want independence from foreign rulers- Austria
Camillo Di Cavour
Prime Minister of the most powerful Italian state- Sardinia
Used alliances to gain control of Northern Italy
Leads Northern Italian Unification
Gets French (Napoleon III) help win control of Austrian-controlled Northern Italian land

22. Italian unity continued…
Giuseppe Garibaldi Brings Unity
Italian army nationalist
Leads nationalists to conquer Southern Italy
Known as the “Red Shirts”
“Carbonari” were groups of secret revolutionary societies
Major activist= Giuseppe Mazzini

23. Italian unity continued…
Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy and Sardinia
Charles Albert = 1st king of united area
Garibaldi steps aside, allowing King of Sardinia to rule
1861: Son of Albert: Victor Emmanuel II was crowned King of Italy
A Constitutional Monarchy is formed
Control of Venetia (Venice), Papal States completes unification (1870)

24. http://www. studenthandouts

25. Nationalism Causes Unity
Germany
Beginning in 1815:
39 German states formed the German Confederation
Austria controlled the Confederation!
Prussia lead the unification
movement in Germany
Prussian Advantages:
Mainly German population
Very powerful army
Creation of liberal
constitution

26. German Unity Continued..
Prussia controlled by the Junkers
Strongly conservative wealthy landowners
Otto von Bismarck named Prime Minister (1862)
Junker “realpolitik” master
Tough politics, no room for idealism
Based on the needs of the state
Used military force to achieve
political gain
Did not have parliaments
consent to rule
No legal budget

27. German Unity Continued…
1850’s-1870’s
Prussia Expands
Prussia & Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces
Victory makes other German nations respect Prussia
Seven Weeks’ War: Austria vs Prussia
Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to provoke war
Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany
Eastern & western parts of Prussian kingdom joined for first time

28. German Unity Continued…
The Franco-Prussian War
Bismarck provokes war with France to seize Southern Germany then unite all Germans
Prussia defeats France
King Wilhelm I of Prussia is crowned Kaiser – Emperor of a united Germany – at Versailles
Bismarck creates a Germany
united under Prussian dominance

30. Summarization of the Time Period of Nationalism
Shifts in Power!
Balance is Lost
In 1815, the Congress of Vienna established five
powers in Europe
Austria, Prussia, Britain, France, Russia
By 1871, Britain & Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power
Austria & Russia are weaker militarily & economically

32. nationalism of germany
Bismark
Italian unification