The Road to Revolution Chapter 5 Section 1

Competing Claims The three countries that were competing for land in North America were Spain France England

Spanish Claim Spain had settlements in present-day New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona This land lay very far away from England’s colonies on the Atlantic coast. As a result, the English paid little attention to them.

French claims The threat from France was much more serious. France claimed a vast area in North America. It stretched west from the St. Lawrence River all the way to the Great lakes and South to the Gulf of Mexico. To protect their lands, the French built a system of forts.

Map of North America in 1753 Key Claimed by Britain Claimed by Spain Claimed by France Ohio River Valley Gulf of Mexico Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Florida 13 Colonies New France Louisiana New Spain Hudson Bay

Ohio River Valley The Ohio River Valley was important to France because it was a vital link between their lands in Canada and the Mississippi River. In the 1740s, however, traders from New York and Pennsylvania were crossing the Appalachian Mountains in search for furs. Pushing into the Ohio Valley, they tried to take over the profitable French trade with the Native Americans.

Native Americans Choose Sides The French thought that the Native Americans would choose sides with them because they were trappers and traders not farmers and did not destroy land. The English also ignored Native American rights. The Algonquins and Hurons sided with the French.

Iroquois side with England An English trader and official, William Johnson, helped gain Iroquois support for England. Johnson was on of the few English settlers who had a Native American wife. He was married to Molly Brank, sister of Joseph Brant, a Mohawk chief. The Iroquois respected Johnson and listened carefully when he urged them to side with the English.

English take over Native American trade Some Native Americans supported the English because they charged lower prices for trade goods than the French did. Many Native Americans began to buy goods from English rather than French traders. The French became angry because of the loss of Native American trade. The French were determined to defend their claims in the Ohio River Valley.

The French and Indian War Ohio River Valley France and England were in conflict over the Ohio River Valley. From 1689 to 1748, France and Great Britain had fought for power in Europe and North America. Each war ended with an uneasy peace. French and Indian War In 1754, fighting broke out again. The long conflict that followed was called the French and Indian War.

The Albany Congress Expecting war to break out soon, the British government called for a meeting of colonial leaders. It took place in Albany New York The British wanted the colonies to agree to cooperate in defending themselves against the French. Britain invited the Iroquois tribes to the meeting in hopes that they would form an alliance against the French. The Iroquois refused the alliance because they expected the French to win the war. An alliance is an agreement between countries to help each other against other countries

“Join or Die” Benjamin Franklin believed the colonies had to succeed. To make a point, his newspaper, the Philadelphia Gazette published a picture of a snake chopped into pieces with the warning “Join or Die.”

The Albany Plan of Union The Albany Plan of Union called for a Grand Council with representatives from each colony. The council would make laws, raise taxes, and set up the defense of the colonies. The delegates voted to accept the Plan of Union. However, when the plan was submitted to the colonial assemblies, not one approved it. None of the colonies wanted to give up any of its powers to a central council.

French Advantages At the beginning of the war, the French enjoyed several advantages over the British. Because the English colonies could not agree on a united defense, 13 separate colonial assemblies had to approve all decisions. New France, on the other hand, had a single government that could act quickly when necessary. Also, the French had the support of many more Indian allies than the British did.

Britain’s Strengths The English colonies were clustered along the coast, so they were easier to defend than the widely scattered French settlement. The population of the English colonies was about 15 times greater than that of New France. Some Native American tribes sided with the English. The British navy ruled the seas.

Edward “Bulldog” Braddock Although General Braddock was confident that he would defeat the French, he had little experience fighting in the wilderness of North America. Braddock’s men moved slowly because they had to clear a road through thick forests for their cannons and other heavy gear. George Washington, who went with Braddock, was upset by the slow pace. Native American scouts warned Braddock that he was heading for trouble but he ignored them.

Fort Duquesne As the British neared Fort Duquesne, the French and their Native American allies launched a surprise attack. Sharpshooters hid in the forest and picked off British soldiers, whose bright-red uniforms made them easy targets. Braddock had five horses shot out from under him before he fell, fatally wounded. Washington was luckier and escaped without a wound, although he had four bullets shoot through his coat. Almost half the British were killed or wounded.

New Leader for Britain The new leader for Britain was William Pitt, who took over in Pitt sent Britain’s best generals to North America to encourage colonists to support the war, he promised large payments for military services and supplies. Under Pitt’s leadership, the tide of battle turned. In 1758, Major General Jeffery Amherst captured Louisbourg, the most important fort in French Canada.

Iroquois Help Britain The Iroquois persuaded the Delawares at Fort Duquesne to abandon the French. Without the Delawares, the French could no longer hold the fort. Acting quickly, the British seized Fort Duquesne, which they renamed Fort Pitt. The city of Pittsburgh later grew up on the site.

Battle of Quebec Pitt sent General James Wolfe to take over Quebec. Quebec was located on a high cliff overlooking the St. Lawrence River. Quebec was vital to the defense of New France. Without Quebec, the French would be unable to supply their forts farther up the St. Lawrence River. British troops took over Quebec with a surprise attack from the water where they moved quietly in small boats to the foot of the cliff. Under cover of darkness, the soldiers swarmed ashore and scrambled to the top. The next morning, French and British soldiers fought a fierce battle leaving Wolfe and Montcalm (France’s leader) dead. Britain had won and Wolfe could die in peace.

France Surrenders After losing Quebec, France could no longer defend the rest of its North American territory. Montreal, the other major French city in Canada, fell in In February 1763, Britain and France signed the Treaty of Paris. France ceded, or surrendered, French Canada to Great Britain. The Native Americans lost France’s help which allowed British settlers to move onto their land.

The Treaty of Paris The Treaty of Paris marked the end of French power in North America. Under the treaty, Britain gained Canada and all French lands east of the Mississippi River. France was allowed to keep a few sugar- growing islands in the West Indies. Spain, which had entered the war on the French side in 1762, gave up Florida to Britain. In return, Spain received all French land west of the Mississippi, as well as the city of New Orleans.