Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 6 States of Consciousness

Waking Consciousness  _______________  our awareness of ourselves and our environments  _______________  focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Sleep and Dreams  ___________________  the biological clock  regular bodily rhythms, such as of wakefulness and body temperature, that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Sleep and Dreams  REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep  recurring sleep stage  vivid dreams  “paradoxical sleep”  muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active  Sleep  periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

Sleep and Dreams  Measuring sleep activity

Brain Waves and Sleep Stages _____________ sslow waves of a relaxed, awake brain ______________ llarge, slow waves of deep sleep HHallucinations ffalse sensory experiences

Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep Hours of sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM Decreasing Stage 4 Increasing REM

Sleep Deprivation  Effects of Sleep Loss  fatigue  impaired concentration  depressed immune system  greater vulnerability to accidents

Sleep Deprivation 2,400 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,800 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) 3,600 4, ,800 Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Less sleep, more accidents More sleep, fewer accidents Monday before time changeMonday after time change Accident frequency

Sleep Disorders IInsomnia ppersistent problems in falling or staying asleep NNarcolepsy uuncontrollable sleep attacks ___________________ ttemporary cessation of breathing during sleep mmomentary reawakenings

AAre You Getting Enough Sleep??

Night Terrors and Nightmares  Night Terrors  occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4  high arousal - appearance of being terrified  seldom remembered

Dreams WWhat are your thoughts about dreams? WWhat have you learned to believe? WWhat are some recurring dreams you have? WWhat are lucid dreams?

Dreams: Freud  Dreams  sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind  hallucinatory imagery  discontinuities  incongruities  delusional acceptance of the content  difficulties remembering

Dreams: Freud  Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)  wish fulfillment  discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings  ___________________  remembered story line  __________________  underlying meaning

Dreams  As Information Processing  helps facilitate memories  As a Physiological Function  periodic brain stimulation  REM Rebound  REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

Sleep Across the Lifespan

Drugs and Consciousness  Psychoactive Drug  a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood  Physical Dependence  physiological need for a drug  marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms  Psychological Dependence  a psychological need to use a drug  for example, to relieve negative emotions

Dependence and Addiction  ______________  diminishing effect with regular use  _____________  discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use Small Large Drug dose Little effect Big effect Drug effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect

Psychoactive Drugs  ____________________  drugs that reduce neural activity  alcohol, barbiturates, opiates  slow body functions

Psychoactive Drugs  Alcohol  affects motor skills, judgment, and memory  reduces self awareness  Barbiturates  drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

Psychoactive Drugs  Opiates  opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)  opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety  highly addictive

Psychoactive Drugs  _____________________  drugs that excite neural activity  caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine  speed up body functions

The Physiological Effects of Nicotine

Psychoactive Drugs  Amphetamines  drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Psychoactive Drugs  Cocaine  effects depend on dosage, form, expectations, personality and situation  coca leaves  powder  crack

Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

Psychoactive Drugs  Ecstasy  MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine)  stimulant and mild hallucinogen  dangerous short and long term effects

Psychoactive Drugs ______________________ ppsychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LLSD MMDMA (Ecstasy)

 LSD  lysergic acid diethylamide  a powerful hallucinogenic drug  also known as acid  THC  the major active ingredient in marijuana  triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

Psychoactive Drugs

Trends in Drug Use

Perceived Marijuana Risk

Near-Death Experiences  Near-Death Experience  an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death  often similar to drug- induced hallucinations