©2002 Wadsworth Publishing Co. CRIMINOLOGY 2002 Chapter 1 Crime and Criminology Prepared by: Larry Bassi SUNY College at Brockport Prepared by: Larry Bassi SUNY College at Brockport

Ch. 1 - Slide 2 Historical Roots of Criminology  Utilitarian philosophy of Becarria  Positivism  Biological determinism of Lombroso  Sociological theory of Durkheim and Quetelet  Conflict Criminology of Marx  Utilitarian philosophy of Becarria  Positivism  Biological determinism of Lombroso  Sociological theory of Durkheim and Quetelet  Conflict Criminology of Marx

Ch. 1 - Slide 3 What is Criminology? Criminology is the scientific approach to: a. the study of criminal behavior and, b. society’s reaction to law violations and violators

Ch. 1 - Slide 4 CrimeStatisticsSociology of Law TheoryConstruction Penology Criminal Behavior Systems Victimology Criminology The Criminological Enterprise

Ch. 1 - Slide 5 Perspectives in Criminology Perspective: The relationship of aspects of a subject to each other and to a whole: a point of view.

Ch. 1 - Slide 6 Criminology Perspectives CLASSICAL/ CHOICE CLASSICAL/ CHOICE Situation forces Crime is a function of free will and personal choice Punishment is a deterrent to crime. Situation forces Crime is a function of free will and personal choice Punishment is a deterrent to crime. BIOLOGICAL/ PSYCHOGICAL BIOLOGICAL/ PSYCHOGICAL Internal forces Crime is a function of chemical, neurological genetic, personality, intelligence, or mental traits. Internal forces Crime is a function of chemical, neurological genetic, personality, intelligence, or mental traits. STRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVES STRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVES Ecological forces Crime rates are a function of neighborhood conditions, cultural forces, and norm conflict. Ecological forces Crime rates are a function of neighborhood conditions, cultural forces, and norm conflict. PROCESS Socialization forces Crime is a function of upbringing, learning, and control. peers, parents, and teachers influence behavior. Socialization forces Crime is a function of upbringing, learning, and control. peers, parents, and teachers influence behavior. CONFLICT Economic and Political forces Crime is a function of competition for limited resources and power. Class conflict produces crime. Economic and Political forces Crime is a function of competition for limited resources and power. Class conflict produces crime. INTEGRATED Multiple force Biological, social-psychological, economic and political forces may combine to produce crime. Multiple force Biological, social-psychological, economic and political forces may combine to produce crime.

Ch. 1 - Slide 7 Deviancy or Criminality? Deviant Behavior Is an action that departs from the social norms of society. Deviant Behavior becomes criminal behavior when it is specifically defined prohibited and punished under the criminal law.

Ch. 1 - Slide 8 Differing Views on the causes and controls of criminal behavior Consensus View Law defines crime Agreement exists on outlawed behavior Laws apply to all citizens equally

Ch. 1 - Slide 9 Differing Views on the causes and controls of criminal behavior Conflict view Law is a tool of the ruling class Crime is a politically defined concept “Real crimes” are not outlawed Law is used to control the underclass

Ch. 1 - Slide 10 Differing Views on the causes and controls of criminal behavior Interactionist view Moral entrepreneurs define crimeMoral entrepreneurs define crime Crimes are illegal because society defines them that wayCrimes are illegal because society defines them that way Criminal labels are life- transforming eventsCriminal labels are life- transforming events

Ch. 1 - Slide 11 Crime is a violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by the criminal law, which reflects public opinion, traditional values and the viewpoint of people currently holding social and political power. Individuals who violate these rules are subject to sanctions by state authority, social stigma, and loss of status.

Ch. 1 - Slide 12 Origins of the Law  Code of Hammurabi  Mosaic Code  Wergild  Common Law  Code of Hammurabi  Mosaic Code  Wergild  Common Law

Ch. 1 - Slide 13 Social Goals of Criminal Law Enforcing Social Control Enforcing Social Control Discouraging Revenge Discouraging Revenge Expressing public opinion and morality Expressing public opinion and morality Deterring Criminal Behavior Punishing Wrongdoing Maintaining social order

Ch. 1 - Slide 14 Principles of Criminal Law Legality ActusReus Causation Harm Concurrence MensRea Punishment

Ch. 1 - Slide 15 Doing Criminology: Types of Research Survey Research (cross-sectional research) LongitudinalResearch (cohort groups) Aggregate Data Research ExperimentalResearchObservationalResearch

Ch. 1 - Slide 16 Ethics in research!  Political and social consequences of criminological research must be considered.  What standards should apply? Who should set the standards?