1. Chapter One: Crime and Criminology

2. Criminology Is an integrated approach to the study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior

3. Schools of Criminological Thought Classical Positivist Sociological Conflict Developmental Contemporary

4. Classical Criminology The theoretical perspective suggesting that: People have free will to choose criminal or conventional behaviors People choose to commit crime for reasons of greed or personal need Crime can be controlled only by the fear of criminal sanctions

5. Positivist Criminology Began during the 19 th century Uses the scientific method of the natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic forces

6. Sociological Criminology Based on the work of Quetelet and Durkheim, this approach focuses on the relationship between social factors and crime Crime is not a function of personal characteristics but a social phenomenon that can be reduced by improving social and economic conditions

7. Conflict Theory Advanced by Karl Marx, this approach suggests that human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict and those who maintain social power use it to further their own ends

8. Developmental Criminology Began during the 20 th century An integration of sociological, psychological, and economic elements came together to form the perspective that criminality is a dynamic process influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics

9. Contemporary Criminology Various schools over the past 200 years have resulted in a number of contemporary theories: Rational choice (Unit 3) Trait (Unit 4) Social structure (Unit 6) Social process (Unit 7) Critical (Unit 9) Developmental (Unit 8)

10. What Criminologists Do Potential areas of specialization: Criminal statistics Sociology of the law Theory construction Criminal behavior systems Penology Victimology

11. Deviance vs. Crime Criminologists view deviant behavior as any action that departs from the social norms of society Deviance thus includes a broad spectrum of behaviors ranging from the most socially harmful to the relatively inoffensive A deviant act becomes a crime when it is deemed socially harmful or dangerous; it then will be specifically defined, prohibited, and punished under the criminal law

12. Consensus View of Crime The law defines crime Agreement exists on outlawed behavior Laws apply to all citizens equally

13. Conflict View of Crime The law is a tool of the ruling class Crime is a politically defined concept “Real crimes,” such as racism, sexism, and classism, are not outlawed The law is used to control the underclass

14. Interactionist View of Crime Moral entrepreneurs define crime Acts become crimes because society defines them that way Criminal labels are life-transforming events

15. Crime is...... a violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by the criminal law, which reflects public opinion, traditional values, and the viewpoint of people currently holding social and political power. Individuals who violate these rules are subject to sanctions by state authority, social stigma, and loss of status.

16. Purposes of Criminal Law

17. Ethics Major ethical issues in criminological research include: What to study Whom to study How to study