Chapter 24: Land Empires in Imperialism

Warm Up compare and contrast the French, American, and Latin Revolutions compare and contrast the French, American, and Latin Revolutions –Successes, failure, common, different Chart, essay, bullet points, diagram (whatever)

I. Ottoman Empire I. Ottoman Empire –A. Egypt and the Napoleonic Example, –Napoleon invades Egypt with 36k men and defeats the Mamluk forces –Napoleon loses power in France and officers in Egypt are forced to withdraw –In 1801 France withdrew and Muhammad Ali, an officer in the Ottoman army, seizes power and establishes an independent Egyptian state –Muhammad Ali impact: establishes schools, trained military, and built factories

–Ali established schools and begins to westernized Egypt –Britain does not like the westernization and takes Ali out of power but his family stays in power until 1952 –B. Ottoman Reform and the European Model, –Selim III brings reforms to strengthen government and standardized taxes –Impact of reforms: Janissaries revolt and are put down by the government with the help of Serbia

–Selim III was captured and executed in Istanbul

–Impact of Greek independence: Mahmud sets a series of reforms (fears Ottoman empire is weak) creates a new army corps new artillery unit that was more important to the military –Ottomans now have less dominance in the Mediterranean Sea –Mahmud II eliminated the Janissaries and reduced political power of the elite –Military cadets were sent to France and Germany to train

Mahmud II dies and leaves the Ottoman Empire completely dependent on European powers for survival Mahmud II dies and leaves the Ottoman Empire completely dependent on European powers for survival Pg. 683 dissolving Ottoman Empire Pg. 683 dissolving Ottoman Empire Pg. 685 New Ottoman troops Pg. 685 New Ottoman troops

–C. Crimean War, –Russia wants to continually expand empire and continually westernize –Russia expands south and is met by British, French, and the Ottomans –Britain and France trapped the Russian fleet in the Black Sea and sank its ships –Russians could not communicate quickly enough to supply military forces

–Crimean War technology included: artillery, breech loading firearms, and light cavalry –Cavalry would attack in between volleys and attempt to penetrate artillery barrages –Guns could be fired more rapidly because they now loaded at the breech instead of the barrel

–Problems in Ottoman Empire: Foreign loans, trade deficit, and inflation –Declining revenue from agricultural yields and corruption in the government –Crimean War forced Ottomans to rely heavily on foreign money bringing foreign debt –Ottomans had to lower tariffs and favor European imports –The Ottoman Empire continued in a weakened existence until 1922

II. Russian Empire II. Russian Empire –A. Russia and Europe –Only 3% of Russian people live in cities –Russia is slow to modernize because of resources and opposition –People in Russia are fearful of westernization but want to modernize –B. Russia and Asia –End of the 18 th century Russia had expanded to Pacific Ocean

–Russia fought with: China, Japan, Iran, and the Ottoman Empire –Britain took steps to end Russian expansion of Central Asia –C. Cultural Trends –Wealthy families feared reform and opposed –Alexander I tried to bring reforms to Russia but was unsuccessful

–Decembrist Revolts: –Czar Alexander dies and Constantine, the oldest son, refuses the throne –His younger brother becomes Czar Nicholas I –Group of revolutionaries, includes many military officers, revolt – they want more reform –They also believe Nicholas stole the throne from Constantine –Nicholas brutally crushes the revolt and will rule Russia with an iron fist for the rest of his reign

Czar Nicolas II

On the morning of 14 December, a group of officers commanding about 3,000 men assembled in Senate Square, where they refused to swear allegiance to the new tsar, Nicholas I, proclaiming instead their loyalty to Constantine and the Constitution. On the morning of 14 December, a group of officers commanding about 3,000 men assembled in Senate Square, where they refused to swear allegiance to the new tsar, Nicholas I, proclaiming instead their loyalty to Constantine and the Constitution.allegiance tsarallegiance tsar

III. Qing Empire III. Qing Empire –A. Economic and Social Disorder –Qing dynasty first brought peace and stability in China and promoted agriculture –This agriculture doubled the Chinese population –Increase in population lead to instability and tension –farmers being driven off their land –Many people regarded their government as corrupt and weak –Internal rebellions were led by discontent farmers and religious leaders

–White Lotus Rebellion: –Group of Chinese attempting to restore the Ming dynasty –B. The Opium War, –Opium trade in China: England has an unfavorable balance of trade with China, turn to selling opium to make up difference, China bans selling of opium –Opium War: British navy forced China to trade through naval conquest –British navy forced the Treaty of Nanjing

–Impact of treaty: –Treaty of Nanjing Open up five more ports for trade, Limit tariffs on British goods, Pay for cost of war, Give island of Hong Kong to Britain –Agree to extraterritoriality = Europeans who are accused of crimes have the right to be tried in their own courts, not Chinese courts and are not subject to Chinese laws –Marks the beginning of the establishment of Western influence in China

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–C. Taiping Rebellion, –Factor of the rebellion: poor farmland, endemic poverty, and economic distress –Hong Xiuquan declared himself brother of Jesus –No one would be poor – all lands and food should be held in common –Taiping forces defeated villages and capture Nanjing making it their Heavenly capital –Taiping Rebellion was one of the bloodiest civil wars included 20 million deaths –European countries who were called to intervene: France, Britain

Hong Xiuquan

–D. Decentralization and End of Qing Empire, –Qing debt: expenses of war, burden of treaties signed, extraterritoriality –Recovery was a failure and Qing dynasty regionalized –Reform and recovery were attempted and modeled after the US –Too little too late; Qing empire falls and decentralizes