The Counter Reformation Ms. James

Reforming the Catholic Church Counter-Reformation Counter-Reformation –The Catholic Church’s series of reforms I response to the spread of Protestantism in the mid-1500’s to the early 1600’s.

Early Reformers Girolamo Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola –Monk who tried to change the church from within. “Bonfire of the Vanities” Excommunicated and Executed in Florence. Excommunicated and Executed in Florence.

Religious Orders Jesuits Jesuits –“Society of Jesus” Renewed church’s emphasis of spirituality and service. Renewed church’s emphasis of spirituality and service. –Founded by Ignatius of Loyola Basque Nobleman and former soldier. Basque Nobleman and former soldier. Concentrated on education as a means of combatting the Protestant Reformation. Concentrated on education as a means of combatting the Protestant Reformation.

The Council of Trent 1545, Church members decided to redefine some religious doctrines of the Catholic Church. 1545, Church members decided to redefine some religious doctrines of the Catholic Church. Clarified Catholic teaching Clarified Catholic teaching 1.Addressed Abuses 2.Addressed Corruption 3.Training of Priests regulated 4.Addressed Financial Abuse 5.Sale of Indulgences was abolished

The Council of Trent Cont…. Council reaffirmed: Council reaffirmed: –Transubstantiation –Sacraments 1. Baptism 2. Confirmation 3. Marriage 4. Eucharist 5. Penance (Confession) 6. Anointing Sick Basic structure of Church reaffirmed! Basic structure of Church reaffirmed!

Reforming Catholics Charles Borromeo Charles Borromeo –Archbishop of Milan (1560 to 1584) Implements Council of Trent reforms Implements Council of Trent reforms –Builds a school to educate Priests Francis of Sales Francis of Sales –Implemented a missionary program in Savoy (Italy). He returned many back to the Catholic Church.

Women in the Church Angela Merici Angela Merici –Began Company of Saint Ursula Jane of Chantal Jane of Chantal –Trained women to be teachers Mary Ward of England Mary Ward of England –Created networks of schools for girls Teresa of Avila Teresa of Avila –Most famous female spiritual leader for the Catholic Church.

Baroque Art At Council of Trent art was designated as a tool of the faith. At Council of Trent art was designated as a tool of the faith. artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur

The Inquisitions Two different Inquisitions: Two different Inquisitions: –Roman Inquisition (1542) –Spanish Inquisition (1478) The Roman Inquisition tried people for: The Roman Inquisition tried people for: –Being Protestant –Witchcraft (Malleus Maleficarum) “Hammer of Witches” (Malleus Maleficarum) “Hammer of Witches” –Breaking with Church Law

Spanish Inquisition Tried to convert: Tried to convert: –Jews –Muslims –Protestants Many accounts of torture and executions! Many accounts of torture and executions! Index of Forbidden Books= censorship Index of Forbidden Books= censorship

The Protestant Reformation’s Long Term Effects

Changes in Religion Jesuits bring many back to the Catholic Church, and renew the doctrines of the Catholic Church. Jesuits bring many back to the Catholic Church, and renew the doctrines of the Catholic Church. New denominations form because reformers interpret the Bible differently! New denominations form because reformers interpret the Bible differently!

Expulsion of Jews and Muslims Spain gives these groups of people three options. Spain gives these groups of people three options. –(1) CONVERT to Christianity –(2) GET OUT of Spain –(3) DIE Jews segregated to ghetto Jews segregated to ghetto –Ghettos- were walled sections of the city and their gates closed at a certain time each evening.

Censorship in the Church The Index Librorum Prohibitorum The Index Librorum Prohibitorum –The Forbidden Books were a list of books that people should not read. You could lose your soul by reading these books. You could lose your soul by reading these books. –Contained Reformer’s writing and some secular works.

Witchcraft Hysteria of Witchcraft swept through Europe during 1580 to Hysteria of Witchcraft swept through Europe during 1580 to Witches would: Witches would: –Kill Children –Kill Livestock –Work with the Devil.

Political Effects States and businesses want church to become less involved with political affairs. States and businesses want church to become less involved with political affairs. Political power was now separate from the church! Political power was now separate from the church!

Religious Wars and Unrest The Italian War The Italian War –King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy, and Spain joined in the fight too. Fighting ended in Fighting ended in The war is credited with spreading Renaissance ideas throughout Europe. The war is credited with spreading Renaissance ideas throughout Europe. –During the fighting many important artists fled from Italy, and took their ideas as well!

Conflicts among Germans Peasants War is stirred by Renaissance and Reformation ideas. Peasants War is stirred by Renaissance and Reformation ideas. –Luther is connected with this revolt even though he denounces it. Local Lutheran Princes go to war with Holy Roman Emperor. Local Lutheran Princes go to war with Holy Roman Emperor. –Peace of Augsburg (1555) Each prince can choose the religion that his subjects would practice.

Conflicts between Religions Conflicts between Catholic faith and Protestant faith in France. Conflicts between Catholic faith and Protestant faith in France. In 1598, Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism, and this created temporary peace. In 1598, Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism, and this created temporary peace. Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Protestants. Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Protestants.