1. The Counter-Reformation

2. Reforming the Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Church’s series of reforms in response to the spread of Protestantism in the mid-1500’s to the early 1600’s.

3. Early Reformers Girolamo Savonarola
Monk who tried to change the church from within. “Bonfire of the Vanities”
Excommunicated and Executed in Florence.

4. Religious Orders Jesuits
“Society of Jesus”
Renewed church’s emphasis of spirituality and service.
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola
Basque Nobleman and former soldier.
Concentrated on education as a means of combating the Protestant Reformation.

5. The Council of Trent
1545, Church members decided to redefine some religious doctrines of the Catholic Church.
Clarified Catholic teaching
Addressed Abuses
Addressed Corruption
Training of Priests regulated
Addressed Financial Abuse
Sale of Indulgences was abolished

6. The Council of Trent Cont….
Council reaffirmed:
Transubstantiation
Sacraments
Baptism
Confirmation
Marriage
Eucharist
Penance (Confession)
Anointing Sick
Basic structure of Church reaffirmed!

7. Reforming Catholics Charles Borromeo Francis of Sales
Archbishop of Milan (1560 to 1584)
Implements Council of Trent reforms
Builds a school to educate Priests
Francis of Sales
Implemented a missionary program in Savoy (Italy). He returned many back to the Catholic Church.

8. Women in the Church Angela Merici Jane of Chantal Mary Ward of England
Began Company of Saint Ursula
Jane of Chantal
Trained women to be teachers
Mary Ward of England
Created networks of schools for girls
Teresa of Avila
Most famous female spiritual leader for the Catholic Church.

9. The Ecstasy of St. Teresa by Gian Lorenzo Bernini

10. The Inquisitions Two different Inquisitions:
Roman Inquisition (1542)
Spanish Inquisition (1478)
The Roman Inquisition tried people for:
Being Protestant
Witchcraft
(Malleus Maleficarum) “Hammer of Witches”
Breaking with Church Law

11. Spanish Inquisition Tried to convert:
Jews
Muslims
Protestants
Many accounts of torture and executions!
Index of Forbidden Books= censorship

12. The Reformation’s Long Term Effects

13. Changes in Religion
Jesuits bring many back to the Catholic Church, and renew the doctrines of the Catholic Church.
New denominations form because reformers interpret the Bible differently!

14. Expulsion of Jews and Muslims
Spain gives these groups of people three options.
(1) CONVERT to Christianity
(2) GET OUT of Spain
(3) DIE
Jews segregated to ghetto
Ghettos- were walled sections of the city and their gates closed at a certain time each evening.

15. Censorship in the Church
The Index Librorum Prohibitorum
The Forbidden Books were a list of books that people should not read.
You could lose your soul by reading these books.
Contained Reformer’s writing and some secular works.
Artistic works could not longer include nudity of classical allusions
Many famous works were defiled by Church

16. Witchcraft
Hysteria of Witchcraft swept through Europe during 1580 to 1660.
Witches would:
Kill Children
Kill Livestock
Work with the Devil.

17. Deaths As many as 100,000 executed
In the city of Tier, Germany, 1,000 were killed
Most were tortured
Created fear and paranoia

18. Political Effects
States and businesses want church to become less involved with political affairs.
Political power was now separate from the church!

19. Religious Wars and Unrest
The Italian War
King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy, and Spain joined in the fight too.
Fighting ended in 1559.
The war is credited with spreading Renaissance ideas throughout Europe.
During the fighting many important artists fled from Italy, and took their ideas as well!

20. Conflicts among Germans
Peasants War is stirred by Renaissance and Reformation ideas.
Luther is connected with this revolt even though he denounces it.
Local Lutheran Princes go to war with Holy Roman Emperor.
Peace of Augsburg (1555) Each prince can choose the religion that his subjects would practice.

21. Conflicts between Religions
Conflicts between Catholic faith and Protestant faith in France.
In 1598, Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism, and this created temporary peace.
Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Protestants.
Fighting between Catholics and Protestants continues especially in England with Henry VIII children and later on…

22. Scientific Revolution
The Church’s attacks on science actually spurred an interest in it
In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a new calendar based on the heliocentric model
In 1615, Galileo Galilei reaffirmed this view and negated the geocentric universe. He was jailed for heresy.
Also discovered sunspots, Jupiter’s four largest moons, and improved the compass
After Galileo’s persecution, many came to his defense against the Church, and the Scientific Revolution began.