4. The Counter-Reformation
Effects of the Reformation

5. Causes of the Reformation
Humanist values led people to question church authority.
Some clergy were corrupt, worldly, or poorly educated.
Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses.
The printing press helped spread Reformation ideas.

6. 1) Many Protestant sects developed
Baptists Lutherans Pentecostals Episcopalians Presbyterians Methodists Nazarene LDS COGIC, etc…

7. 2) Church Leaders Reformed the Church
Jesuits
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola
Jesuit colleges: Georgetown, Xavier, Loyola, Walsh-Jesuit
Concentration on education

8. 2) Church Leaders Reformed the Church (Cont’d)
Council of Trent
Convened by Pope Paul III in 1545.
Delegates examined criticisms made by Protestants of the Catholic Church
Addressed the abuses of the church:
Corruption of the church
Training of priests was regulated
Financial abuse was curbed
Sale of indulgences was abolished

9. 2) Church Leaders Reformed the Church (Cont’d)
Women in the church
Roman Inquisition
Church court established by the Catholic church
Tried people who were accused of being Protestant, practicing witchcraft, or breaking church law.

10. 3) Religious Intolerance & Anti-Semitism Increased
Renewed zeal for Catholic faith
Persecution and hysteria
Heretics
witchcraft
Political Effects
Rising sense of nationalism
Protestant Reformation encouraged the formation of independent states & nation
Separation of church & state

11. 4) Religious Conflicts Religious conflicts spread across Europe.
Italian Wars
Spain & France fought for control of Italian peninsula
Significance: Italian renaissance expanded throughout Europe
Peasants’ Wars
Took place in Germany
Peasants were upset with high taxes & lack of power.

12. Effects of the Reformation
Many Protestant sects developed.
Church leaders reformed the Catholic Church.
Religious intolerance and anti-Semitism increased.
Religious conflicts spread across Europe.