Human Development Chapter Focus: Patterns of development Forms of development Development from infancy through old age

Principles of Development 1. Development follows a predictable pattern. -Spreads down from head to feet. -Spreads outward from center of body.

Principles  2. General responses develop first, then specific. -Young babies at first use their entire bodies to do something, but eventually learn to specialize.

Principles 3. Development is a lifelong continuous process. - There is no starting or stopping point in development. It continues over your entire life.

Principles 4. Each stage of development has unique features. - All stages are expressed differently depending on society.

Principles 5. Early development is more important than later. - Most crucial behaviors – like walking and talking- take place early in life.

Critical Periods Time periods when a person can learn specific behaviors more easily. Time periods when a person can learn specific behaviors more easily. Learning language after 12 years old is very difficult. Learning language after 12 years old is very difficult. Attachment after birth is important for emotional development later in life. Attachment after birth is important for emotional development later in life.

Studying Development Longitudinal studies – Studying several individuals and their development over a long period of time. Longitudinal studies – Studying several individuals and their development over a long period of time. Problems – time consuming, expensive, hard to follow subjects over a period of years. Problems – time consuming, expensive, hard to follow subjects over a period of years.

Studying Development Cross sectional method – Studying various groups at various ages at the same time. Problems – Groups may not be typical of their age groups.

Prenatal Development  Development that takes place before birth is very important.  By end of first month, heart has developed, and by the second month, systems have befun.  By the fourth month, all biological patterns have been set

Physical Development This is the growth of the physical body. The development of one’s physical characteristics is extremely important to a person’s behavior. This is the growth of the physical body. The development of one’s physical characteristics is extremely important to a person’s behavior.

Development of height and weight The greatest per cent of growth is at early stages. The greatest per cent of growth is at early stages. Happens is spurts. Happens is spurts. By three years old, a person is ½ as tall as they will get. By three years old, a person is ½ as tall as they will get. Girls grow faster but are passed up eventually. Girls grow faster but are passed up eventually. Weight will be gained – lost at end Weight will be gained – lost at end

Impact of physical development on personality Early maturing males are more self- confident and independent Early maturing males are more self- confident and independent Late-maturing males have a difficult time adjusting. Late-maturing males have a difficult time adjusting. Females aren’t impacted as much Females aren’t impacted as much The behavior of others influence people’s attitudes of their own physical development. The behavior of others influence people’s attitudes of their own physical development.

Motor Development The development of control over the muscles of the body. Motor development is essential to forming relationships. Also related to self-image.

Motor Development in Babies Motor skills start in the head, and happens very quickly. The next step is the trunk area, so babies can turn over. Then, the arms and hands develop.

Motor development in later life Motor skills improve greatly during adolescence. Skills continue to improve until the middle 20’s. As you get into older age, motor skills begin to deteriorate.

Hand-eye Coordination It is extremely important for us to see our hands to improve our motor skills. Experiments have shown that organisms who couldn’t see their hands often struggled with motor skills.

Language Development Language has common features that everyone uses. Language has common features that everyone uses. Vocabulary are the words that make up a language. Vocabulary are the words that make up a language. Meaning must be placed on each word. Meaning must be placed on each word.

Animals and Language They don’t have a spoken language but can communicate with each other. They don’t have a spoken language but can communicate with each other. Chimpanzees, while not learning to speak, have been able to associate words and symbols. Chimpanzees, while not learning to speak, have been able to associate words and symbols.

Language in Humans Four stages of language development – babies go from crying to babbling to language Four stages of language development – babies go from crying to babbling to language At age 2, most kids have 250 words in their vocab, by age 3, 1000 words, and by age 4 they have mastered grammar rules At age 2, most kids have 250 words in their vocab, by age 3, 1000 words, and by age 4 they have mastered grammar rules

How children learn language Rewards play a role. Rewards play a role. Learning language is not only about repeating words. Learning language is not only about repeating words. Parents are more likely to correct words than grammar. Parents are more likely to correct words than grammar. Infants make the same sounds regardless of their language. Infants make the same sounds regardless of their language.

Emotional Development This refers to the individual’s awareness and expression of an emotional experience. This refers to the individual’s awareness and expression of an emotional experience. How one handles positive and negative emotions determines the happiness of their life. How one handles positive and negative emotions determines the happiness of their life.

What emotions at present at birth Emotions of distress and delight show up by the end of the third month. Emotions of distress and delight show up by the end of the third month. “Stranger anxiety” – while five month olds don’t become distressed with a stranger, 8-9 month olds get very upset. “Stranger anxiety” – while five month olds don’t become distressed with a stranger, 8-9 month olds get very upset.

How do emotions change with age? Anger is shown immediately when a child is young. Anger is shown immediately when a child is young. As we age, we learn how to control emotions which aren’t socially acceptable. As we age, we learn how to control emotions which aren’t socially acceptable. In old age, we become less aggressive and hostile. In old age, we become less aggressive and hostile. Some older people become angry and depressed in old age because they feel useless. Some older people become angry and depressed in old age because they feel useless.

Fear as a common emotion Fears change with different stages of life. Fears change with different stages of life. Newborn don’t fear much. Newborn don’t fear much. Younger children fear strangers, the dark, etc. Younger children fear strangers, the dark, etc. Older children don’t fear as much. Older children don’t fear as much. Adolescents fear being different. Adolescents fear being different. Eventually, we begin to fear death. Eventually, we begin to fear death.

Social Development Learning to act and live in society as a member of that society. It occurs through associations and learning from others.

When does social behavior appear Early on, infants respond to face like objects. Two month olds cry when an adult leaves the room and smile when the adult returns. Three stages with adults: A. Dependence B, Resistance C.Cooperation

Social Changes in Early School Kids see conflicting ideas Children begin to adopt the standards of their age group. Between age 8 and adolescence, kids tend to migrate toward their own gender when choosing friends.

Social Behavior of Adolescents Adolescents strive to be independent from the home. They rebel over minor things. There is a gap between their ideas and their parents. Increase interest in opposite sex.

Adolescents and Love Hero worship stage – Great admiration and attraction. Puppy love stage – Affections turn toward kids their own age. Romantic love – Intense, stable, and mature affection

Adult and Old Age Social Development Marriage usually ends membership is some other social groups. Older people fear retiring will change them socially. New hobbies and social interaction helps older people adjust.

Intellectual Development The development of a person’s mental abilities. The development of a person’s mental abilities. For a long time, it was only measured with IQ tests. For a long time, it was only measured with IQ tests. Piaget researched not only answers kids gave, but their reasoning behind them. Piaget researched not only answers kids gave, but their reasoning behind them.

Piaget’s four stages of intellectual development Piaget’s four stages of intellectual development

1. Sensory-Motor Period Kids use their senses and movement to interact with environment. Kids use their senses and movement to interact with environment. Develop cause and effect. Develop cause and effect. By nine months, they realize that even if they can’t see something, it is still there. No longer, out of sight out of mind. By nine months, they realize that even if they can’t see something, it is still there. No longer, out of sight out of mind.

2. Preoperational Period (age 2-7) Begin to start using language. Begin to start using language. Thinking lacks organization and is still self-centered. Thinking lacks organization and is still self-centered. They can only see their view of an object or subject, no one else’s. They can only see their view of an object or subject, no one else’s. They attribute human characteristics to objects. They attribute human characteristics to objects.

3. Concrete-Operational (age 7-11) Kids start to think logically and realize that quantities may not change because shape changes. Kids start to think logically and realize that quantities may not change because shape changes. Example: An equal amount of water is poured into differently shapes glasses, this stage’s kids can understand that they have the same volume of water. Example: An equal amount of water is poured into differently shapes glasses, this stage’s kids can understand that they have the same volume of water.

4. Formal Operational (age 11+) In the stage, people will combine various possibilities to solve a problem. Experiment with cause and effect and use logic. In the stage, people will combine various possibilities to solve a problem. Experiment with cause and effect and use logic. Researchers have found that only 30-40% of adults actually use formal operations. Researchers have found that only 30-40% of adults actually use formal operations.

Moral Development  Individual development of knowing the difference between right and wrong.  Lawrence Kohlberg – believed that there were six moral development, going up in complexity.

Measuring moral development  One way to measure is to give a person a “moral dilemma” and look at their decision making.  Then, after the decision is made, psychologists look at the answers and why the people made the decisions they made.

Six Stages of Moral Development  Stage 1 – Children base their answers on avoiding punishment.  Stage 2 – Children make moral judgments according to what behavior will bring them rewards.  Stage 3 – People make moral decisions based on what will please or avoid disapproval from others.

6 Stages  Stage 4 – Involves a respect for authority and society’s norms.  Stage 5 – Moral judgments are based on the welfare of the community and rights of others.  Stage 6 – Decisions are made based of personal principles of justice.

Stages 5 and 6  Have more fully developed standards of morality.  Stage 5 recognized different societies have different standards.  Stage 6 realizes that some moral standards are universal.

Criticisms of Kohlberg  Some psychologists say that moral development doesn’t always happen in stages.  Moral reasoning is different than moral behavior – people say one thing but will do another.