Textbook Version of the 4 Main Groups These 3 groups are unresolved

Ranunculaceae Papaveraceae Berberidaceae Platanaceae

Ranunculaceae Papaveraceae Berberidaceae Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Basal Eudicots

Platanaceae Portulacaceae Polygonaceae Ranunculaceae Papaveraceae Berberidaceae Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Basal Eudicots Basal Core Eudicots

Vitaceae Platanaceae Portulacaceae Polygonaceae Ranunculaceae Papaveraceae Berberidaceae Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Basal Eudicots Hamamelidaceae Basal Rosids

Vitaceae Platanaceae Portulacaceae Polygonaceae Ranunculaceae Papaveraceae Berberidaceae Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Basal Eudicots Hamamelidaceae Violaceae Salicaceae Rosaceae Ulmaceae Fagaceae Betulaceae Juglandaceae Eurosids I

Vitaceae Platanaceae Portulacaceae Polygonaceae Ranunculaceae Papaveraceae Berberidaceae Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Basal Eudicots Hamamelidaceae Violaceae Salicaceae Rosaceae Ulmaceae Fagaceae Betulaceae Juglandaceae Malvaceae Anacardiaceae Sapindaceae Eurosids II

Cornaceae Ericaceae Sarraceniaceae Rubiaceae Apiaceae Asteraceae Caprifoliaceae Adoxaceae * Basal Euasterids I Euasterids II

Bogs Sphagnum Ericaceae Sarraceniaceae

Sphagnum Moss Note distinct “heads”. Sphagnum gains cations (nutrients) and acidifies the water through cation exchange.

Sphagnum moss The stalks with capsules are the sporophytes Note distinct “heads” at ends of stems. Capsules are audibly explosive-- developing pressures of up to 2 atm and dispersing spores as far as 15 cm!.

Contents of capsule shrink causing pressure build up, the spores are discharge all at once-- EXPLOSIVELY

Time lapse

Sphagnum at 1,000 fps >15cm heights

Sphagnum capsule at 10,000 fps

Sphagnum’s air gun is very effective: Velocity = 13 m/s = 29 mph!! Acceleration > 10 5 g Timescale < 1/30,000 s Pressure ~ 5 atm ?? Sphagnum capsule at 10,000 fps

Chamaedaphne calyculata - Leatherleaf -Ericaceae has Wintergreen Leaves

Chamaedaphne calyculata - note typical urn shaped flowers (typical of many Ericaceae), fused petals (typical of the sympetalae)

Chamaedaphne calyculata - Leatherleaf -Ericaceae. Note undersides of leaves are rust colored.

Vaccinium corymbosum, High Bush Blueberry, Ericaceae. Deciduous leaves, typical urn-shaped flowers, Ericoid mycorrhizae.

Vaccinium angustifolium - Common Low Bush Blueberry - Ericaceae

Vaccinium angustifolium, Low Bush Blueberry, Ericaceae Fruits are a true berry!

Kalmia polifolia Bog Laurel Ericaceae Pink bell-shaped flowers with “sprung” stamens in pockets of the corolla. Opposite, revolute leaves. In the phyllodocoid clade in the Ericaceae

Kalmia polifolia, Bog Laurel, Ericaceae. Note reflexed stamens in pockets (3 have been sprung)

Kalmia angustifolia Note flowers in the whorl just below the top. Leaves are broad and typically in whorls of 3.

Kalmia angustifolia - note stamens are under tension, bending back into the corolla pockets

Kalmia angustifolia

Andromeda glaucophylla - Bog Rosemary - Ericaceae Note alternate leaves.

Andromeda glaucophylla blossoms are white tinged with pink. Note: alternate, revolute leaves and bell shaped flowers with long white pedicel.

Andromeda glaucophylla, Bog Rosemary, Ericaceae

Andromeda glaucophylla Bog Rosemary Alternate leaves Ericacaceae

Ledum groenlandicum, Labrador Tea, Ericaceae Dense Hairs on Undersides of Leaves

Gaultheria procumbens, Wintergreen, Ericaceae

Epigaea repens, Trailing Arbutus or Mayflower, Ericaceae, State Flower of Massachusetts, Protected. Note oval leaves and paired white flowers (which turn pink with age).

Vaccinium macrocarpon (closely related to V. oxycoccus, the small cranberry which we will see at the bog) Large Cranberry Ericaceae

Vaccinium macrocarpon, Large Cranberry, Ericaceae Fruit = Berry (In the bog we will see V. oxycoccus, the small cranberry)

Cranberry field at harvest time.

Harvesting Cranberries

Ericoid mycorrhizae in Gaultheria. The dark blobs are the fungus in the root. Ericoid mycorrhizae- cross section. Note few fungal hyphae on the root surface.

Ericoid mycorrhizae in Leucopogon juniperus (Epacridacaceae- a southern hemisphere heath family)

Ectomycorrhizae (fungus roots) on Pinus strobus. Fungal hyphae (Amanita muscaria) X-section showing thick mantle of fungus

Sarraceniaceae

Sarracenia leaves = pitchers

Sarracenia purpurea Pitcher Plant Sarraceniaceae Note downward pointing hairs and purple venation.

Sarracenia purpurea flower Note peltate style

Stephanomeria exigua Parent Species Stephanomeria malheurensis Selfing Species Asteraceae

Mimulus lewisii (low to mid-elevation) Bee pollinated Pink petals Landing Platform Small Amounts of nectar

Mimulus cardinalis (mid to high elevation) (Bird Pollinated) Reflexed petals, no landing platform Large amounts of nectar Red Petals

F 1 Hybrid Cross between Mimulus lewisii and M. cardinalis

F2 generation plants were placed in a grid in the field and scored for pollinators. Yellow pigment reduces visits by bees. High nectar volume increases visits by birds. How might shifts in pollinators affect speciation rates?

Two different pollinators acting on one species could result in reproductive isolation and speciation

?? ? ? Back up systems in angiosperms may predispose a species for further speciation ??