Goal 1 Describe the scientific classification system of organisms

I. Species = group of organisms that share similar characteristics that can breed to produce fertile offspring ~ 1.5 million different spp ~ million not discovered

II. Classification of Organisms Common names of org. are usually used outside of science –bird –Sea horse –Cougar, mountain lion, panther, puma A. Taxonomy = classification of organsim by assigning each organism a name –Use Latin and Greek language (18 th century) 1. Taxon: level of organization in taxonomy

B. Binomial Nomenclature = Two-word naming system of org. (each spp. has two-part scientific name) –A–Always write name in italics –1–1 st word is genus (capitalize), 2 nd word is species and is lowercase –E–Example: Homo sapiens Developed by Carolus Linnaeus –1–18 th century

Binomial Nomenclature (2-words) (Naming system) GenusSpecies Group of similar organisms Describes characteristics Always write name in italics 1 st word is genus (capitalize), 2 nd word is species and is lowercase

Whose name is it? Homo sapiens Mus musculus Ursus horribilis Canis familianis Felis domesticus Panthera leo Helianthus annuus Acinonyx jubatus Rana pipiens Pinus strobus Taraxacum oficinale Human House Mouse Grizzly Bear Dog Cat Lion Sunflower Cheeteah Frog Pine Tree Dandelion

Section 18-1 Flowchart Linnaeus’s System of Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Go to Section:

C. Linnaeus’s System of Classification 1.Kingdom = largest taxon (most inclusive) 2.Phylum = several classes that share important body features and internal functions 3.Class = made of similar orders 4.Order = made of similar families 5.Family = genera that share many characteristics 6.Genus = group of closely related spp 7.Species (smallest taxon)

Linnaeus’s System of Classification Uses 7 taxa (levels) –Kingdom: Animalia –Phylum: Chordata –Class: Mammalia –Order: Primates –Family: Hominidae –Genus: Homo –Species: sapien (breeds are same spp) Acronym Ideas?? King Phillip Called Over Five Guard Soldiers

Grizzly bearBlack bearGiant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Section 18-1 Go to Section:

What are some ways these animals are similar/different?

How would you classify an organism? Dolphins –F–Fish, live in water –M–Mammals, breathe air Can body structure and similar traits be used to classify? –W–What about convergent evolution?? –A–Are analogous and homologous structures used?

III. Evolutionary Classification Species are placed into taxa based on evolutionary history, not just physical traits –uses molecular similarities (DNA/RNA) of organsim Also called phylogenetic classification

A. Cladogram A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship among a group organisms –U–Uses derived characteristics = new characteristics that arise from organisms evolving over time

TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION CLADOGRAM AppendagesConical Shells Crab Barnacle Limpet Crab Barnacle Limpet CrustaceansGastropod Molted exoskeleton Segmentation Tiny free-swimming larva Section 18-2 Go to Section:

Theropods Allosaurus Sinornis Velociraptor Archaeopteryx Robin Light bones 3-toed foot; wishbone Down feathers Feathers with shaft, veins, and barbs Flight feathers; arms as long as legs

B#1: Constructing a Cladogram Organisms Derived Character backbonelegshair Earthworm Absent Trout PresentAbsent Lizard Present Absent Human Present

Section 18-3 Concept Map are characterized by such as and differing which place them in which coincides with which place them in which is subdivided into Living Things Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Important characteristics Cell wall structures Domain Eukarya Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Go to Section:

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Lynx rufus Lynx canadensis Bobcat Lynx

IV. The 3-Domain System A. Most recent used classification system of organisms –3 Domains and 6 kingdoms B. Domain = larger and more inclusive than kingdom –Bacteria: Kingdom Eubacteria –Archaea: Kingdom Archaebacteria –Eukarya: Kingdom Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Methanogens, halophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryote No cell walls or chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals Eukarya Classification of Living Things Section 18-3 Figure Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Go to Section:

1. Domain Bacteria a. Kingdom Eubacteria –Unicellular prokaryotes –Peptidoglycan cell walls –Autotroph/heterotroph

2. Domain Archaea a. Kingdom: Archaebacteria –Unicellular prokaryotes –Cell walls with no pepitoglycan –Autotroph/heterotroph –Live in extreme environments

3. Domain Eukarya All org. have nucleus –Kingdom Protista –Kingdom Fungi –Kingdom Plantae –Kingdom Animalia

a. Kingdom Protista Single-celled org. and multi-cellular algae Photosynthetic and heterotrophic Share characteristics with fungi, plants & animals

b. Kingdom Fungi Multicellular heterotrophs (feed dead organic matter) nonmotile

c. Kingdom Plantae Multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs Nonmotile, cellulose cell walls

d. Kingdom Animalia Multicellular heterotrophs No cell walls mobile

Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia DOMAIN EUKARYA DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN BACTERIA Section 18-3 Go to Section: