1. Classification Chapter 1.4

2. Vocabulary 1. taxonomy 2. binomial nomenclature 3. classification 4. domain 5.Eubacteria 6. Archaebacteria 7. Eukarya 8. Protista 9. Fungi 10. Plantae 11. Animalia

3. I. Why Classify? A.Why group things? 1.easier to find information about an organism 2.easier to identify an organism 3.shows evolutionary relationships B.Biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner 1.taxonomy = scientific study of classification C.binomial nomenclature = each species is assigned a two-part scientific name 1.genus = a group of closely related species, first part of the scientific name, capitalized 2.species = second part of a scientific name, lower case 3.Scientific names are always italicized or underlined a.Ex: Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens

4. II. Historical Background A. Aristotle - (350 B.C.E.) First scientist to group organisms as either plants or animals B. Carolus Linnaeus (1701-1778) - “Father of Modern Taxonomy” 1. grouped things according to structural similarities 2. developed a “binomial nomenclature” system for identifying every organism

5. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES CLADOGRAM Appendages Conical Shells Crab Barnacle LimpetCrab Barnacle Limpet Crustaceans Gastropod Molted exoskeleton Segmentation Tiny free-swimming larva

6. III.Modern Taxonomy A.We still look at structural similarities, but primarily we look at evolutionary relationships to classify organisms 1.Homologous structures 2.Embryology 3.DNA similarities

7. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES CLADOGRAM Appendages Conical Shells Crab Barnacle LimpetCrab Barnacle Limpet Crustaceans Gastropod Molted exoskeleton Segmentation Tiny free-swimming larva DRAW B.Diagrams showing classification 1.cladograms or phylogenies

8. IV. Classification Categories (taxa) A. different levels, from the most general characteristics to more specific characteristics B. Eight levels of taxonomy are: (example in yellow) Domain Domain Eukarya Animalia Mammalia Primata Homidae Chordata Homo sapien s Kingdom Phylum Family Species Class Order Genus Come up with your own sentence to remember the order: Definitely Keep Pots Clean Or Family Gets Sick

9. Grizzly bearBlack bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos

10. C. Three Domains (developed in 1990) 1. Archaea- Kingdom Archaebacteria 2. Bacteria- Kingdom Eubacteria 3. Eukarya- Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia D. Six Kingdoms 1. Kingdom Archaebacteria (archae =“ancient”) a. Prokaryotes, cells walls without peptidoglycan b. Live in extreme environments: thermophiles, halophiles, acidophiles

11. 2. Kingdom Eubacteria a. Prokaryotes, cells walls with peptidoglycan b. ex: Streptococcus and E. coli 3. Kingdom Protista a. Simple, many are unicellular, no specialization of tissues b. ex: protozoans, algae Protozoans Algae

12. 4. Kingdom Fungi a. Multicellular heterotrophs that have a cell wall (absorb food through the cell wall) b. ex: mushrooms, molds, and yeast 5. Kingdom Plantae a. Multicellular organisms, contain chlorophyll, have organs and tissues, autotrophs 6. Kingdom Animalia a. Multicellular organisms, heterotrophs, have organs and tissues

13. Evolutionary Relationship of Domains & Kingdoms Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia DOMAIN EUKARYA DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN BACTERIA