JAPANESE IMPERIALISM 1853-54: End of isolation 1868: Meiji era; industrialization After 1879: Cultural and social conservatism; extreme nationalism 1894-95: Sino-Japanese war 1902: Alliance with Britain 1904-05: Russo-Japanese War 1910: Annexation of Korea

EUROPE By 1907: Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and Triple Entente (Britain, Russia, France) 1908: Austria annexes Bosnia-Hercegovina Women’s suffrage: since 1830s in Britain and US; 1840s demand for right to vote; WSPU 1903 1914: War breaks out

The Balkan region, 1878

Balkan region, 1908-1914

Schlieffen Plan

TOTAL WAR Greater control by executive powers of governments, rather than power of elected parliaments Industrial sectors (e.g. railways) administered or heavily regulated by the state Regulation of production; rationing of resources Suppression of dissent; use of propaganda (e.g. German atrocities) Involvement of civilian men and women (as targets, labor, military personnel) 'Munitionettes', or women who worked in munitions factories, accounted for a large proportion of women in the workplace. It is estimated that by mid-1917, women produced around 80 per cent of all munitions in Britain. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/images/article/factorywomen_q27846.jpg

http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld45.html CHEMICAL WARFARE British soldiers in a machine gun nest, wearing anti-phosgene gas masks

Western Front, 1917 Gas masks for the chemical war

http://www.war1418.com/battleverdun/battleverdun33/ A WAR OF ATTRITION The battle of Verdun (1916) lasted ten months. It is estimated that over 700,000 people were dead, wounded, or missing. The battlefield was not even ten square kilometers. This is a dugout at the Mort-Homme, or Dead Man’s Hill, an important lookout for Allied soldiers.

THE WESTERN FRONT

http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld47.html Ypres, 1917

http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld53.html http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld44.html Left: Russian soldier hanging on barbed wire. Right: Australian soldiers in a trench in Flanders, Belgium.

For him the war is over. A lucky wound, 1916. Source: Images of War: 130 years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (Hamburg: STERN-Buch im Verlag Gruner + Jahr AG & Co., 1983)

THE WAR AND THE COLONIES Battle zones included the Middle East, west and east Africa, even China and some Pacific Islands. And of course seas. Triple Entente powers grabbed German territories in Africa. Triple Entente powers recruited troops from settler colonies or “white dominions” (Canada, Australia, New Zealand), and non-settler colonies (in Africa, India, SE Asia). Japan increased its power in Asia, including German- controlled Pacific Islands and China. New Zealand and Australia also jumped in to grab German Pacific territories. The British incited Arab princes to revolt against the Ottoman Empire

AFRICA’S CONTRIBUTION France drafted 170,000 West Africans 80,000 Africans killed or injured in Europe More than 100,000 African laborers died of disease or starvation in Africa. These laborers were drafted by the British, French, and German armies to carry supplies and to build roads/bridges.

HUMAN CONSEQUENCES about 10 million dead, 20 million wounded COUNTRY DEAD WOUNDED PRISONER Great Britain 947,000 2,122,000 192,000 France 1,385,000 3,044,000 446,000 Russia 1,700,000 4,950,000 500,000 Italy 460,000 530,000 United States 115,000 206,000 4,500 Germany 1,808,000 4,247,000 618,000 Austria-Hungary 1,200,000 3,620,000 200,000 Turkey 325,000 400,000 n.a.

Neither race had won or could win the war The war had won and would go on winning. ~ Edmund Blunden British soldier and poet who survived the Battle of the Somme

http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld39a.html HUMAN CONSEQUENCES Daughters of Belgian soldiers who died, at an orphanage in northern France, 1917.

Faces of war Below:Veterans of the trenches Right:England, ca. 1918 Faces of war Below:Veterans of the trenches Right:England, ca. 1918. A new face is matched up Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

Hamburg, ca. 1918 Teaching amputees how to walk Photo by E. Puls. Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

Rehabilitation in Germany A soldier who has lost his arm practices marksmanship Photo by E. Puls. Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

PEACE TREATIES Germany: lost control of 13% of its territory (Saar coal reserves; European territory to Poland and France; colonies “mandated” to Britain, France, South Africa, Japan); had to pay reparations; had to demilitarize drastically. Austria: lost territory to Italy, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Poland (self-determination) Ottoman Empire (Turkey after 1922): independence for Saudi Arabia and Armenia; Lebanon and Syria “mandated” to France; Palestine, Trans Jordan and Iraq “mandated” to Britain.

MIDDLE EAST AFTER WW1

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS