Criminal Justice Today CHAPTER Criminal Justice Today, 13th Edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved BOOK COVER Policing: History and Structure 5

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved History of Policing The British Model  Mutual pledge system  Watch and ward system  Justice of the peace  Bow Street Runners  New police bobbies

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The New Police “Bobbies” Founded by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 First organized police department Preventive in nature, formed to discourage crime Uniformed and adopted a military administrative style

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles 1.The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder 2.The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions 3.Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in a voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public 4.The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles 5.Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law 6.Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law, or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice, and warning is found to be insufficient 7.Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles 8.Police should always direct their action strictly toward their functions and never appear to usurp the powers of judiciary 9.The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it Source: New Westminster Police Service,

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Early Policing in America, New York City 1658: Paid watchmen were hired in New York 1693: First uniformed officer 1731: First neighborhood/precinct station

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved International Association of Chiefs of Police IACP Formed in 1902 as a nationwide clearinghouse for criminal identification Formed in response to rising crime during 19 th century

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved August Vollmer Berkeley Chief of Police, 1905–1932 Supported development of:  Polygraph for lie detection  Fingerprint identification  Firearm identification  Toxicology  Document examination

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Management Scientific Police Management  The application of social science techniques to the study of police administration for the purpose of increasing effectiveness, reducing the frequency of citizen complaints, and enhancing the efficient use of available resources

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Patrol Directed patrol Split-force patrol Prioritized calls

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Evidence-Based Policing Efficient policing goals can be guided by the following questions: 1.How can policing produce greater public safety without eroding civil liberties? 2.How can more value for the money be returned from investments in policing to cut the costs of crime? 3.Can crime be better forecast for preventive policing by time and place? 4.Can unsuccessful police methods be distinguished from cost-effective ones?

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Evidence Based Policing 5.Can better policing reduce the high costs of a growing prison population? 6.Can evaluation tools used in evidence-based medicine be adopted by police? 7.What are the possibilities for a police service based on cost-effectiveness? 8.What are the prospects for developing the knowledge base for such evidence?

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Federal Level Agencies have nationwide jurisdiction but concentrate on specific crime 14 U.S. government departments and 28 nondepartmental agencies  Conduct criminal investigations  Execute search warrants  Make arrests  Carry firearms

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved State Agencies Centralized  Tasks of major criminal investigations are combined with the patrol of state highways Decentralized  A clear distinction between traffic enforcement on state highways and other state-level law enforcement functions by creating at least two separate agencies

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Local Agencies Enforce applicable state laws and local ordinances and laws Municipal departments Rural sheriff’s departments Specialized groups such as campus police and transit police

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Private Protective Services Self-employed individuals and privately funded business entities  Contractual  Growing Types of security:  Airport security  Executive protection  Hospital security  School security

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Criminal Justice Today, 13 th edition Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2015, ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Integrating Public and Private Security The resources of proprietary and contract security should be utilized in cooperative, community-based crime prevention and security awareness programs 85% of the nation’s critical infrastructure is protected by private security International Association of Chiefs of Police, National Policy Summit: Building Private Security/Public Policing Partnerships to Prevent and Respond to Terrorism and Public Disorder: Vital Issues and Policy Recommendations, 2004 (Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Justice, 2004).