1. Chapter One Objectives
Explain the history of criminal investigations.
Identify how research affects criminal investigations.
Discuss the objectives of criminal investigations.
Distinguish the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning.

2. Objectives Continued
5. Explain the expanding role of the patrol officer as criminal investigator.
6. Discuss the solvability factors in a criminal investigation.
7. Describe the preliminary investigation process.

3. History of Criminal Investigation
Roots of America’s criminal investigation go back to England.
The Watch of London - Thief Catchers
Bow Street Runners ’s
London Metropolitan Police
Scotland Yard
Pinkerton National Defense Agency

4. Thief Catchers

5. Bow Street Runners
Henry Fielding

6. London Metropolitan Police
Bobbies/Sir Robert Peel

7. Scotland Yard

8. Pinkerton National Defense Agency

9. Criminal Research Forensic DNA Criminalistics Digital Forensics
Forensic Interviewing
Forensic Pathology – determines manner of death
Forensic Psychology
ETC………..

10. The RAND Corporation Study
Purpose
Determine how police investigations were organized and managed.
Assess overall police functioning.
Recommendations
Coordinate police investigations more closely with prosecution.
Expand responsibilities of patrol officers.
Forensic resources increased for latent prints.

11. The Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) Study
Considered the role played by detectives and patrol officers in burglary and robbery investigations.
Determined the value of follow-up investigations in identifying and arresting suspects is much greater that indicated in earlier studies.

12. Criminal Investigation Objectives
Detect Crime
Locate and identify suspects in crimes (how does NCIC/TCIC help us) *presentation
Locate, document, and preserve evidence in crimes
Arrest suspects in crimes - They must be identified – How do we identify people *presentation - Bertillion
Recover stolen property
Prepare sound criminal cases for prosecution

13. Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Takes us beyond what we know to conclusions about what we do not know.
Deductive reasoning
Based on specific pieces of evidence to establish proof a suspect is guilty of an offense
* Worksheet

14. Police Specialists
Larger departments have specialized squads to perform investigative functions.
Crimes against persons
Crimes against property
Vice Crimes

15. Types of Investigations
Personal background
Suspected violations of criminal law
Infractions of civil law
Vice

16. Crime Scene Investigators
Require specific training in regard to crime-scene protection, and the identification and preservation of evidence.
May be sworn or non-sworn personnel

17. Modes of Investigation
Reactive -Crimes that have already occurred Proactive -Before the crime is committed, a suspect is identified Preventive -Prevention through deterrence -Involves arresting the criminal and aggressive prosecution

18. Criminal Investigator Role
Investigative traits include, but are not limited to:
Motivation – large caseloads
Intuition
Street knowledge – Where do they get this from?
Teamwork
Reliability
Integrity

19. Solvability Factors Immediate availability of witnesses
Name(s) of the suspect
Information about the suspect’s location
Information about the suspect’s description
Information about the suspect’s identification
Information about the suspect’s vehicle and movement.

20. Solvability Factors Cont.
Information about traceable property
Information about significant M.O.
Information about significant physical evidence
Discovery of useful physical evidence
Judgement by the patrol officer that there is sufficient information to conclude anyone other than the suspect could not have committed the crime. (O.J.)
Judgement by the patrol officer on case disposition probability

21. Preliminary Investigation
Officers responding to a scene must be observant of the surrounding area.
Individuals and vehicles leaving an area
Communication with dispatch when encountering individuals

22. Initial On-Scene Responsibilities
Aid injured individuals
Evaluate the situation
Obtain basic information
Interview witnesses

23. Contributions of August Vollmer

24. Chapter Summary
Our current system of criminal investigation is a product of our English heritage and occurrences and events taking place here in the United States
The crime-scene technician is the person trained to respond to the scene of a crime and identify, collect, and preserve evidence.
The traditionally limited responsibility of the patrol officer has expanded

25. Continued
The objectives of the criminal investigation may be more complex than people imagine due to the changing nature of criminal activity and the role of the investigator
After the evaluation of evidence in a case, the criminal investigator draws conclusions through a process of reasoning.
Solvability factors are identification leads that have proven to be valuable and most likely to result in case resolution.
For many criminal investigations, the investigative process begins with the preliminary investigation