Chapter 12 Europe: War and Change

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change Section 4 – The Russian Empire  Czar – An emperor in Russia  Russian Revolution – The revolution that ended the Russian monarchy.  Monarchy – Power held by one person.  Communism – An economy where the government owns all basic and non-basic industry.  Alliance – A merging of efforts or interests creating allies.

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change *read about the Russian Revolution on pages  Who were: 1. Ivan the Terrible 2. Peter the Great 3. Catherine the Great 4. Nicholas II

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change

World War I

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change World War II

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change Section 1 – European Empires  Nationalism – Pride in one’s country  Constitutional Monarchy – A government that not only has a king or queen but is also governed by elected officials through a constitution.  Colony – A territory ruled by another nation  Colonization – The act or process of establishing a colony.

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change  Austria-Hungary – the largest empire in Eastern Europe which had a dual monarchy. A monarchy that rules two nations. This is where WWI begins!  Eastern and Western Europe have different economies….

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change Section 2 – Europe at War and The Soviet Union  Alliance – A merging of efforts or interests creating allies.  Militarism - A policy in which military preparedness is of primary importance to a state.  Armistice – A temporary end to fighting, a truce  Depression – The worldwide economic depression from the late 1920s through the 1930s.

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change Allied PowersAllied Powers: United Kingdom France Italy Russia United States United Kingdom France Italy Russia United States Central PowersCentral Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Alliances of WWI

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change

 Read pages

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change  Armistice Day is the anniversary of the official end of World War I, November 11, It commemorates the armistice signed between the Allies and Germany at Compiègne, France, for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front, which took effect at eleven o'clock in the morning — the "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month." While this official date to mark the end of the war reflects the ceasefire on the Western Front, hostilities continued in other regions, especially across the former Russian Empire and in parts of the old Ottoman Empire.World War INovember armisticeGermanyCompiègneFranceRussian Empire Ottoman Empire

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change  Europe after WWI – At the end of WWI the European countries are in depression…no jobs, no work, no MONEY! The signing of the Treaty of Versailles makes life extremely difficult for Germany. Germany is to be punished for starting the war so they are to pay for EVERYTHING!

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change Essential Question What were the major causes and effects of WWI?

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change WWII  Dictator – An absolute ruler.  Nazism - A form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism.  Fascism - A system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship, and typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism.

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change  Holocaust - The genocide of European Jews and others by the Nazis during World War II  Concentration Camp - A camp where civilians, enemy aliens, political prisoners, and sometimes prisoners of war are detained and confined, typically under harsh conditions.

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change Allied PowersAllied Powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States United Kingdom Soviet Union United States France France The Axis The Axis Germany Germany Japan Italy Japan Italy Alliances of WWII

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change

 Who were the leaders of the Allied and Axis powers during WWII? Allied PowersAllied Powers: United Kingdom – Churchill United Kingdom Soviet Union - Stalin United States – Roosevelt/Truman Soviet Union United States France - ??? France

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change The Axis The Axis Germany - Hitler Germany Japan – Hirohito/Tojo Japan Italy - Mussolini Italy

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change  Read Pages 336 – 338  Causes of WWII 1. WWI – German penalties 2. Germany builds military 3. Germany expansion and imperialism 4. Japan bombs Pearl Harbor  Effects of WWII 1. Creation of the United Nations (UN) 2. United States and Soviet Union become Super Powers 3. Cold War

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change  Yalta Conference  Other nations gain great wealth at the end of WWII…why?  How do the United States and Russia become the “Super Powers?”  At the end of WWII the stage is set for the cold war…why? Imperialism!  Read pages

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change Essential Questions Where were the major causes and effects of World War II? Describe the roles of key players (Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt, Truman) during World War II.

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change Section 3 – The Cold War  NATO – North Atlantic treaty Organization. Created to defend against Soviet aggression.  Warsaw Pact – The Soviet Union’s response to NATO  Cold War – Open yet restricted rivalry and hostility that developed after World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union and their respective allies.

Chapter 12 – Europe: War and Change  Iron Curtain - The former division between the communist nations of eastern Europe — the Eastern Bloc — and the noncommunist nations of western Europe coined by Winston ChurchillcommunistEuropeEastern Bloc  Berlin Wall  Berlin Airlift