1. The ruins of Berlin's Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church. It was bombed by the Allies and is preserved today as World War II monument. As Europe enters the 20th century, powerful forces such as nationalism, colonialism, and industrialization plunge the continent into two world wars. NEXT Unit 2 Europe: War and Change

2. NEXT Europe: War and Change Establishing Independence SECTION 1 Europe at War SECTION 2 The Soviet Union SECTION 3

3. Section 1 European Empires The beginning of the 20th century is a time of change in Europe, as feelings of nationalism begin to take hold. NEXT

4. The Spread of Nationalism New Ideas Sweep Europe Late 1800s rise in nationalism—strong pride in nation, ethnic group - ethnic group—people who share languages, traditions European Empires 1 SECTION NEXT Continued... Constitutional Monarchies Nationalism is fueled by people’s ability to vote - citizens strongly support, defend governments they elect By 1900, many nations are constitutional monarchies - have monarch whose power is limited by an elected ruling body

5. The Defense of Colonial Empires Early 1900s is period of colonialism - many Western European countries have Asian, African colonies including: - France, Italy, Britain, Germany, even tiny Belgium Colonies supply raw materials for production, markets for goods Nations spend money on armies, navies to defend colonies, borders continued The Spread of Nationalism NEXT 1 SECTION Map Continued...

6. Austria-Hungary Most Western, Northern European nations are industrialized by 1900 Eastern Europe, including Russia, is still agricultural - imports most manufactured goods from Western, Northern Europe Austria-Hungary is largest Eastern European empire in 1900 - dual monarchy—one ruler governs two nations - includes parts of what is now Romania, Czech Republic, Poland continued The Spread of Nationalism NEXT 1 SECTION Map

7. Section 2 Europe at War During the first half of the 20th century, European countries fight each other over land, wealth, and ideals. NEXT

8. 2 SECTION The World at War World War I Alliances To defend themselves, countries join alliances - agreements among people, nations to unite for a common cause - members promise to help others if any of them are attacked Europe at War NEXT Continued... Chart

9. 2 SECTION World War I Alliances World War I begins when Archduke Franz Ferdinand is murdered in 1914 - Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia; Russia defends Serbia - Germany declares war on Russia; France defends Russia - Germany invades Belgium to get to France; Britain defends Belgium - U.S. enters war when German submarines sink its merchant ships Allies (France, U.K., U.S.) win; 22 million die, area is devastated continued The World at War NEXT

10. 2 SECTION A Costly War Allies blame Germany for much of killing, damage of war In 1919, Germany, Allies sign Treaty of Versailles - Germany must pay for damage to Allies, give up valuable territory Europe After World War I NEXT A New Map of Europe Other treaties alter political boundaries - Austria-Hungary becomes two countries - some Eastern Europeans gain independence from Austria-Hungary Map Image

11. 2 SECTION Hitler Rises to Power In 1930s, Germany is still paying damages, economy is ruined In 1933, Adolf Hitler, National Socialist (Nazi) Party elected Nazi Party believes in fascism: - strong, central government controlled by military, led by dictator - extreme patriotism, nationalism, racist beliefs World War II NEXT Continued... Image

12. 2 SECTION Hitler and the Nazi Party Hitler blames Jewish Germans for nation’s problems - Nazis send Jews, others to concentration camps - during this Holocaust millions are deliberately killed Hitler invades Poland in 1939, begins World War II - goes on to invade Belgium, Netherlands, France, Denmark, Norway, USSR continued World War II NEXT WWII Alliances U.S. enters war when Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in late 1941 Chart

13. 2 SECTION The Birth of NATO U.S., France, Britain occupy Western Europe after the war USSR occupies Eastern Europe, eastern half of Germany In 1949, Western Europe nations join Canada, U.S. to form NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization a defensive alliance Europe After World War II NEXT The Marshall Plan U.S. Secretary of State’s Economic Cooperation Act of 1948 - agricultural, industrial, financial aid to Western Europe Map

14. Section 3 The Soviet Union After World War II, the Soviet Union is the most powerful country in Europe, but life for most Soviet citizens is difficult. NEXT

15. 3 SECTION East Against West The Strongest Nation in Europe Political differences divide USSR-run Eastern Europe from Western Europe - differences create invisible Iron Curtain - people of East cannot travel outside their countries Union of Soviet Socialist Republics—15 republics, Russia is largest Germany destroyed much of western USSR, killed millions in war After war, USSR becomes strongest nation in Europe The Soviet Union NEXT Continued... Image

16. 3 SECTION Communism After war, USSR sets up Communist governments in Eastern Europe - uses politics, force to make sure government is loyal to USSR continued East Against West NEXT Soviet Control of Eastern Europe Puppet governments do what they’re told by an outside force Eastern Europeans vote, but have one-party system - all parties other than Communist Party are outlawed Citizens can be jailed for stating views their leaders don’t like

17. 3 SECTION Ruler of Steel Joseph Stalin rules after 1924 death of Vladimir Lenin - Lenin helped remove czar in 1917 Stalin is tough, feared ruler—name is related to word for “steel” Joseph Stalin NEXT The Five-Year Plans Under Stalin, government controls every aspect of life Five-year plans are economic goals - government decides what goods to produce Continued...

18. 3 SECTION Soviet Agriculture In 1930s, peasants are moved to government- owned collective farms - employ many workers; all crops are distributed by government Workers, families face food shortages continued Joseph Stalin NEXT The Secret Police Used by Stalin to remove citizens who don’t support government Millions taken to slave-labor camps in Siberia - many never return from this remote, cold northeastern region Image

19. 3 SECTION Four-Decade Standoff After WWII, NATO and Soviet-run nations no longer trade, cooperate Most NATO nations are constitutional monarchies, democracies - most Eastern European Warsaw Pact nations are Communist, Soviet-run 40-year Cold War—countries never fight for fear of nuclear war U.S., Western Europe fear spread of communism - USSR protects against invasion The Cold War NEXT

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