The Civil War

Politics in the SouthPolitics in the South What was the war about? *States Rights v. *Federal Power Mobilizing an ArmyMobilizing an Army Draft (conscription) and Taxes States RightsStates Rights (South) (will not cooperate with each other ) Help from EuropeHelp from Europe -Recognition as a independent Nation -Great Britain (HELP) 18 to 35 (able bodied whites) 1864 losses changed to 17 to 50 Rich planters were exempt (20+) Most southerners fighting DIDN’T Own a slave

Politics in the North Politics in the North (is it worth it?) –UNIFY the Country Tensions w/ Great BritainTensions w/ Great Britain –Push them to remain NEUTRAL Financial Measures GreenbacksFinancial Measures - 3% income tax -national currency (Greenbacks) Emergency Wartime Measures CopperheadsEmergency Wartime Measures -Draft / “Lincoln declares Martial Law & Arrests” Copperheads –Writ of Habeas Corpus SUSPENDED –NO TRIAL / NO HEARINGS

The North Initiates the Draft, 1863

92% were volunteers92% were volunteers Age 20 to 45 for Three (3) yearsAge 20 to 45 for Three (3) years Allowed Substitutes to be hiredAllowed Substitutes to be hired Pay $300 to avoid ConscriptionPay $300 to avoid Conscription BOUNTY JUMPERS BOUNTY JUMPERS 92% were volunteers92% were volunteers Age 20 to 45 for Three (3) yearsAge 20 to 45 for Three (3) years Allowed Substitutes to be hiredAllowed Substitutes to be hired Pay $300 to avoid ConscriptionPay $300 to avoid Conscription BOUNTY JUMPERS BOUNTY JUMPERS

Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC

African-American Recruiting Poster

Recruiting Blacks in NYC

NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

1863 poor crowded into slumspoor crowded into slums Poverty-Crime-Disease are rampantPoverty-Crime-Disease are rampant Poor white (immigrant) workers - against fighting a war to free slaves (who is freeing me?)Poor white (immigrant) workers - against fighting a war to free slaves (who is freeing me?) Fear “free” blacks competing for jobsFear “free” blacks competing for jobs1863 poor crowded into slumspoor crowded into slums Poverty-Crime-Disease are rampantPoverty-Crime-Disease are rampant Poor white (immigrant) workers - against fighting a war to free slaves (who is freeing me?)Poor white (immigrant) workers - against fighting a war to free slaves (who is freeing me?) Fear “free” blacks competing for jobsFear “free” blacks competing for jobs Political & Economic Fear (NATIVISM)

$$$$ 1st Income TaxNorth - $$ Economic Boom $$ -Immense Profits / Jobs Growth -Sets Economy for next 100 yrs. -1st Income Tax (to pay for war) Trans-Continental RR: 1862Trans-Continental RR: 1862 Homestead Act1862 westward expansionHomestead Act: 1862 westward expansion Medical Improvements –Sanitary Commissions Clara Barton - The Red Cross –“Angels of the Battlefield” Clara Barton - The Red Cross (Antiseptic for Wounds)(Antiseptic for Wounds) –Joseph Lister (1865 England)

The Hardships of War... The Southern EconomyThe Southern Economy (blockade effects) * inflation and starvation * Lack of Labor * Women Fill Jobs * Food v. Cotton * Hyper Inflation Prices Prison CampsPrison Camps (north & south) Andersonville Douglas Eighty Acres of Hell (Camp Andersonville - South Georgia) (Camp Douglas - Chicago) “ Eighty Acres of Hell ”

Emancipation and the War Emancipation and the War.... Lincoln and the issue of slaveryLincoln and the issue of slavery –Personal View (moral issue) But did Federal Gov’t have authority to abolish it where it already existed? –Military Strategy (win the war) Force British Neutrality Slaves (in south) could be “freed” by Army as they fight –Would hurt their war effort –Abolitionist’s PUSH the effort African-American’s want to fight

Emancipation and the War Emancipation and the War.... Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation Jan. 1, Slavery issue of War Results of the ProclamationResults of the Proclamation –Was a Military Action - NO Immediate Effect –Only applied to areas (to be conquered) behind Confederate Lines Reaction to the ProclamationReaction to the Proclamation -Promised Freedom if Union WINS -Inspired runaways/ Join to fight -Pressures England (NOT) support South

Emancipation in 1863

Slavery becomes the “Main Issue”Slavery becomes the “Main Issue” - Hurt the south’s war effort - Abolitionist’s (Radical Republicans) - Foreign Aid for the South

African Americans Fight African Americans Fight The Contraband Issue Re-enslaved / Shot on Sight New York City Draft RiotsNew York City Draft Riots –Political / Economic Fear (NATIVISM) The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 African American SoldiersAfrican American Soldiers -by ,000 had joined -54th Massachusets (Ft. Wagner,SC) GLORY –Movie: GLORY Sgt. William Carney (Congressional Medal of Honor)

April 12, 1861 Confederate Troops fire on Union troops in Fort Sumter April 15 th Lincoln calls for volunteers to Stop the Rebellion ( Preserve the Union ) Other States Secede VA, NC, TN, AR Border Slaves States remain in the Union DE, MD, KY, MO Copper Heads – Southern sympathizers in North (Border States) UNION CONFEDERACY

Civil War

The Union & Confederacy in 1861

CIVIL WAR Western Campaign BATTLES Eastern Campaign BATTLES

“CIVIL WAR” Eastern Campaign BATTLES July - 1 st Battle of Bull Run March - Monitor v. Merrimac Aug - 2 nd Battle of Bull Run Sept - Antietam Dec - Fredericksburg May - Chancellorsville July 3 - Gettysburg March – Grant Eastern Commander * Lincoln Re-Elected Grant Wears Down Lee April - Richmond Surrenders Western Campaign BATTLES Feb - Grant / Tennessee April - Battle of Shiloh June - Memphis - New Orleans July 4 - Vicksburg Surrenders Sept - Chickamauga Nov - Chattanooga Sherman Attacks Georgia Sept - Atlanta Captured * Sherman’s March to the SEA *

Civil War Strategy

The UNION “Anaconda” Plan Capture the capital of the Confederacy (Richmond, VA) Capture the Mississippi R. and Split the Confederacy Blockade the Confederacy and … STARVE TO DEATH! Eastern Campaign Western Campaign

War Strategies (Union v. Confederate) UnionUnion - Anaconda Plan (Three Prong Attack) 1- capture Richmond (capital) 2- capture Mississippi River 3- Blockade the South (starvation) SouthSouth - War of Attrition fight to make the other side “QUIT” 1 st Modern Industrial War1 st Modern Industrial War –New War Technologies (mass production) –Trench Warfare EXTREMELY HIGH CASUALTIESMeans EXTREMELY HIGH CASUALTIES

North vs. South in 1861 NorthSouth Advantages?? Disadvantages??

Rating the North & the South

Railroad Lines, 1860

Resources: North & the South Resources: North & the South

Men for Duty in the Civil War Men for Duty in the Civil War

Advantage & Disadvantage UNION +UNION + +population 22 mil. ( 3 X fighting men) +90% of Factories +2/3 Railroads +3/4 countries Financial resource +Civil Leadership DisadvantagesDisadvantages -Poor Military Leadership Difficult Strategy CONFEDERATE +CONFEDERATE + +Defend it’s soil +Better Military Leadership +Used to Guns +”King Cotton” DisadvantagesDisadvantages -NO factories -Less Resources -Poor Civil Leadership

“CIVIL WAR” Eastern Campaign BATTLES July - 1 st Battle of Bull Run March - Monitor v. Merrimac Aug - 2 nd Battle of Bull Run Sept - Antietam Dec - Fredericksburg May - Chancellorsville July 3 - Gettysburg March – Grant Eastern Commander * Lincoln Re-Elected Grant Wears Down Lee April - Richmond Surrenders Western Campaign BATTLES Feb - Grant / Tennessee April - Battle of Shiloh June - Memphis - New Orleans July 4 - Vicksburg Surrenders Sept - Chickamauga Nov - Chattanooga Sherman Attacks Georgia Sept - Atlanta Captured * Sherman’s March to the SEA *