Industrial Revolution No one person invented the Industrial Revolution. The change in industry grew from new ideas of many individuals. One inventor built on the work of another. Some of the first inventions from the “machine age” showed up in England. As the Industrial Revolution spread, however, other nations began sending out their own brilliant inventors. These inventors came up with new principles to speed the output of goods. The machines combined with new production ideas, revolutionized, or changed, the lives of people around the globe.

Machine-Made Cloth The switch from handmade to machine- made cloth triggered the start of the Industrial Revolution. John Kay began the revolution when he invented a machine, called the flying shuttle in It sped up the weaving process. It progressed to new methods of running machines and new ways of processing cotton.

Other textile inventors…1760s Inventor-James Hargreaves Invention-spinning jenny Year s Impact--- enabled spinners to spin cotton into thread very quickly.

1768 Inventor-Richard Arkwright Invention-water frame Year Impact---used water to power spinning machines.

1769 Inventor-James Watt Invention- steam engine Year Impact---Replaced waterpower with steam power, allowing factories to be built anywhere.

1787 Inventor-Edmund Cartwright Invention- Power loom Year Impact---Wove thread into cloth as fast as the new spinning jenny produced it.

1793 Inventor-Eli Whitney Invention- Cotton gin Year Impact---Cleaned cotton 50 times faster than a person could.

Coal, Iron, Steel The use of machines and the rise of factories increased the demand for iron and coal. In 1753, Henry Cort developed a a process called puddling. This process used coke (derived from coal) to burn away impurities in iron ore. This result was pure, high-equality iron. Iron production soared, and prices dropped. (LAW OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND). By the 1850s, Britain turned out more iron than the rest of the world combined.

Coal, Iron, and Steel 2 Two inventors turn iron into steel— –William Kelly of the United States –Henry Bessemer of Britain Working independently, both learned that a blast of air through molten iron burned out most of the impurities. In 1857, Kelly received a patent-- - or the exclusive ownership of an invention, for the process from the United States Patent Office. Kelly, however, went bankrupt before collecting any profits. Henry Bessmer kept working to improve it, and the process became known by his last name.

The Bessemer Process Lowered steel-making costs from $200 a ton to $4 a ton. In 1863, Pierre-Emile Martin of France and William Siemens of Britain found a way to lower costs even more. They invented the open- hearth process– a method that used a special furnace to make many kinds of steel.

Steam engine Mining towns sprouted around areas of industries of large quantity of coal and iron to make steel. The invention of the steam engine allowed factories to be built almost anywhere because the steam engine did not rely on water power. The steel age gave people the hard, flexible material for rebuilding the world. Iron was stiff and brittle, but steel was flexible and strong. It offered the material for building bridges, skyscrapers, and larger machines.

Steamboats Industry needed ways to transport, or carry, raw materials to factories and finished goods to the market. Inventors provided a solution by combining steam power with new methods of iron and steel productions. In 1804, the British ran the world’s first steam-powered locomotive. At first, locomotives traveled over iron rails. The invention of steel, however, gave engineers the materials to build stronger rails and more powerful locomotives. In 1807, American inventor Robert Fulton designed the first practical steamboat, the Clermont. The steamboat ended the need for wind and sails, opening a new era in transportation on rivers and oceans.

The Clermont

Mass Production While machines increased the output of goods, two concepts paved the way for another change---mass production. This is the manufacture of huge quantities of identical goods at cheap prices. –Interchangeable parts—the use of machine-made parts that are exactly alike. Developed by Eli Whitney in the early 1800s, this invention made it easier to fit parts together to fit parts together and to fix them when they broke. –Division of Labor– occurs by assigning workers to specialized tasks as a product moves along a conveyor from worker to worker. Because products are assembled in a moving line, this method became known as the assembly line. Henry Ford used the assembly line in the early 1900s to build low-cost automobiles.

Interchangeable parts Eli Whitney

Assembly Line Henry Ford

Electricity and Industry In 1836, Samuel Morse demonstrated the ability of a telegraph system to transmit information over wires. The information was sent as a series of electrical signals. Short signals are referred to as dits (represented as dots). Long signals are referred to as dahs (represented as dashes). With the advent of radio communications, an international version of Morse code became widely used. The most well-known usage of Morse code is for sending the distress signal: SOS.

Telephone In 1876, two inventors Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell both independently designed devices that could transmit speech electrically (the telephone). Both men rushed their respective designs to the patent office within hours of each other, Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone first. Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell entered into a famous legal battle over the invention of the telephone, which Bell won. Alexander Graham Bell

The Light Bulb Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor. He was also to be responsible for making many of those changes occur. When Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a novelty, a fad. By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093 inventions, earning him the nickname "The Wizard of Menlo Park." The most famous of his inventions was an incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and the "kinetoscope," a small box for viewing moving films. He also improved upon the original design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone.