Life at the Turn of the 20th Century Chapter 8 Notes

Chapter Overview As the 20th century begins, American culture changes due to new technological advances, cultural forms, and mass media. Some Americans, though, protest discrimination that denies them rights.

Section one: Science & Urban Life 1870, 25 Cities with population of 50,000 1890, 58 Cities with population of 50,000 1900, 40% Americans lived in the city Technological advances met the needs for communication, transportation and space

Section one: Science & Urban Life Skyscrapers—the best use of limited & expensive space Elevator & steel Louis Sullivan, Daniel Burnham Transportation—allowed cities to expand outward Growth of Subways, Trolley Cars Commute to work, move around the city

Section one: Science & Urban Life Need for leisure activities and open space led to URBAN PLANNING Frederick Law Olmstead—Landscape architect 1857, Central Park in New York Boating, Tennis, Zoo, Bicycle paths Daniel Burnham Transformed the city of Chicago

Section one: Science & Urban Life By 1890, the literacy rate was 90% Books, Magazines, and Newspapers were more popular than ever Mills produced cheaper paper New printing press—Printed on BOTH sides of continuous paper, cut, and folded Newspapers sold for one penny!

Section one: Science & Urban Life Orville & Wilbur Wright Bike Manufacturers from Dayton, Ohio 1st Successful flight in Kitty Hawk, NC (1903)

Section one: Science & Urban Life George Eastman Created a new film that did not have to be developed immediately 1888 created the Kodak Camera

Section two: Expanding Public Education Public schools were 1) Training for employment and citizenship 2) A way to assimilate immigrants Although Education was on the rise, many children were not in school

Section two: Expanding Public Education Opportunities varied for black and white children 1880—62 % of white children attended school 1880—34 % of black children attended school

Section two: Expanding Public Education Growth of High Schools By 1900, ½ million students attended High School Curriculum expanded – Not just math and reading Vocational Courses—drafting, carpentry, and mechanics Female students prepared for office work

Section two: Expanding Public Education Immigrants were encouraged to attend school Americanization Higher Education Rise of Research Universities & Professional Schools Between 1865-1868—Howard, Atlanta & Fisk Universities African American colleges

Section two: Expanding Public Education Booker T. Washington Racism would end once African Americans acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society Founded Tuskegee Normal & Industrial Institute (1881) Teaching diplomas, skills in agricultural, domestic, mechanical work

Section two: Expanding Public Education W. E. B. Du Bois Disagreed with Washington Niagara Movement—seek liberal arts so the black community could produce well-educated leaders “Talented Tenth”—achieve inclusion into mainstream life “We are Americans, not only by birth and by citizenship, but by our political ideals…And the greatest of those ideals is that ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL”

Section three: Segregation and Discrimination Post Reconstruction (1877) South Voting Restrictions Literacy Tests African American questions more difficult Officials had authority to pass/fail Poll Tax Grandfather Clause

Section three: Segregation and Discrimination Segregation Laws—separate blacks and whites in public and private facilities “Jim Crow Laws” Plessy v. Ferguson(1896)—Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th amendment “Separate but equal” Overturned by Brown v. Board 60 years later

Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture Rise of amusement parks, bicycling, theater, & spectator sports Playgrounds and playing fields in neighborhoods Coney Island, 1884 World’s Columbian Exchange—Chicago, 1st Ferris Wheel

Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture Bicycling… For males only because lack of safety 1885, “Safe Bicycle” mass produced Rise in popularity with women—freedom & self-reliance Hershey Bar—1900 Coca-Cola—Pharmacist formulated as a cure for headache

Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture Baseball & Boxing very popular New media technology led to motion pictures Joseph Pulitzer—New York World, comics, sports, women’s news William Randolph Hearst—New York Morning Journal Pulitzer’s competitor Exaggerated tales of personal scandal, cruelty, and hypnotism Sold over a million copies per day

Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture Art Galleries rise in popularity Realism, Thomas Eakins Popular Fiction “Dime Novels” Glorified adventure tales of the West Mark Twain—American classics such as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture Urban Shopping… Cleveland, Ohio (1890)—first shopping center Jewelry, leather, stationary Marshall Fields—opened the first department store “Give the lady what she wants”