1. Science and Urban Life
16-1

2. Technology Changes Cities
The Brooklyn Bridge: opened in 1883, one of the first suspension bridges
Skyscrapers: were possible because of steel and elevators
Louis Sullivan: built the 10 story Wainwright Building in St. Louis
Daniel Burnham: built the Flatiron Building in NYC
Electric Transit: Electric subways and trains

3. Brooklyn Bridge

4. Steel Cables
Workers would work in underwater caissons to build the bridge

5. Wainwright Building St. Louis

6. Flatiron Building, 1900

7. Flatiron Building Today

8. City Planning
Frederick Law Olmstead: developed public parks to provide a piece of nature in an urban setting
Daniel Burnham: created Chicago’s White City for the 1893 Columbian Exposition, the Flatiron Building in Manhattan (1902), and many other sky scrapers
Louis Sullivan: Designed the 10 story Wainwright building in St. Louis (a “proud and soaring thing” ~Sullivan)

9. Central Park, NYC
Central Park, NYC

12. Boston Common

13. New Technologies
Orville and Wilbur Wright: made the first airplane take flight
Dec. 17, 1903
Kitty Hawk, NC
Covered 120 feet
Lasted 12 seconds
George Eastman: made the first Kodak Camera
For the first time regular people could take their own pictures
$25 for camera and 100 picture roll of film
$10 to send the camera back and have the pictures developed and sent to you

14. Public Education
16-2

15. Timeline Pre Civil War: many children did not attend school
They learned in the home from their mothers
: laws were passed requiring weeks of school for students 8-14 years old
Schools focused on 3 R’s: Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic
Used Corporal Punishment
Over time the start age became younger and younger
Post-1900: more students went to high school to get ready for higher skilled jobs
Only 1% were black students in 1900
Only 3% were black in 1910

19. Americanization in the Schools
Immigrants who attended public schools were Americanized
Some immigrant groups started religious schools to maintain their cultural heritage

20. Higher Education for African Americans
Booker T. Washington
Created the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute
Believed African Americans should work their way up in society and conform to white America
“Up From Slavery”
W.E.B. DuBois
First African American to earn a PhD from Harvard
Believed that African Americans should get liberal arts education and become American leaders immediately
“From the Souls of Black Folks”

21. Segregation and Discrimination
16-3

22. African Americans Were Left Out of Democracy
Poll Tax: a tax on voting that prevented poor people from voting
Literacy Test: a test that prevented illiterate people from voting
Grandfather Clause: a law that allowed people whose grandfather could vote to vote even if they were poor or illiterate
This allowed poor/illiterate white men to vote but not black people because their grandfathers had been slaves
Discrimination: Prejudice against an individual based on their membership in a certain group or category

23. NAACP National Assoc. For the Advancement of Colored People
Est. on February 9, 1909 in response to lynching in America
Continues to be an organization that promote equality and fairness

24. African Americans Were Left Out of Society
Segregation Laws: separated white and black people in public facilities like schools, parks, stores, restrooms, restaurants, water fountains, buses, trains, etc
Jim Crow Laws: the nickname of segregation laws (comes from an old minstrel song)

26. Separate But Equal?

30. African Americans were Victims of a Racist Supreme Court
The courts did not overturn segregation laws
Plessy v. Ferguson: The court case that declared segregation legal with the idea of “separate but equal”
Homer Plessy: 1/16 black, was told
to sit in the black only section of a
a train. He sued to stop segregation
and lost. This made segregation legal.
Homer Plessy

31. African Americans were abused socially
Lynching: illegal murder of a person by a vigilante mob
Ida B. Wells: a newspaper editor who wrote about how wrong lynching was even though it made her a target
Race Riots: often occurred between black and white workers in northern cities over competition for work
Sundown Towns: towns and cities all over the USA that had local laws that black people could not be in the town after sunset
Ida B. Wells

32. Discrimination in the West
Similar discrimination happened against Mexicans and Asians in the west
Debt Peonage: a system where employers would loan money to people in return for a certain period of servitude.
This was deemed unconstitutional in 1911 because it violates the 13th amendment

33. Lynching in America

34. Dawn of Mass Culture
16-4

35. Urbanization leads to Mass Culture
Coney Island: huge amusement park outside NYC; opened 1903
Amusement parks built on outskirt of city; mass transit brought people

38. Urbanization leads to Mass Culture
Bicycling and tennis become popular

40. Urbanization leads to Mass Culture
Rise of the Hershey Bar (1900) and Coca Cola (1886)

42. Urbanization leads to Mass Culture
Spectator Sports: Baseball and boxing
National League Baseball (1876)
American League (1900)
1st World Series (1903)
Boston Pilgrims beat Pittsburgh Pirates
African Americans create the Negro National and Negro American Leagues

43. Boston Pilgrims

44. First World Series

45. What it might have looked like after the game!

46. Urbanization leads to Mass Culture
Newspapers: Competition between the “NY World” (Joseph Pulitzer) and “NY Morning Journal” (William Randolph Hurst)
Led to more depth in news
Led to sensationalism

47. Urbanization leads to Mass Culture
Rise of Art
More Galleries
Ashcan School of American Arts
Rise of Free Public Libraries and Popular Fiction
Mark Twain: popular writer (Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer)
Dime Novels: often adventure stories or Westerns
Realism: the artistic movement in which art portrayed a more realistic version of life

48. Urbanization leads to Mass Culture
Changes in Shopping
Shopping Centers
Department Stores (many goods, one store)
Chain stores: Woolworth’s
Store Advertisements
Catalogues and RFD (Rural Free Delivery)
Sears Roebuck: shipped directly to one’s home