1. Chapter 16: Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century Common Final Term Common Essay

2. Science and Urban Life (16.1) Technology and City Life – Skyscrapers: inventions of elevators and development of internal steel skeletons to bear weight of buildings. – Electric Transit: Richmond, Virginia – first Am. City to electrify transit – trolley cars. Railroads feed the growth of suburbs. Other large cities develop “el” trains or subways (NY). – Engineering and Urban Planning: steel-cable for suspension bridges connect cities. City parks planning to unite citizens.

3. Science and Urban Life (16.1) New Technologies – A Revolution in Printing: Literacy rates rise increasing demand for books, magazines and newspapers. Am. Mills cheap paper. Electrically powered webperfecting press prints on both sides, cuts, & folds paper. – Airplanes: Orville and Wilbur Wright (Wright Brothers) bicycle manufacturers design biplane, first flight 12/17/1903 Kitty Hawk, N.C. went 120’ in 12 sec. – Photography: George Eastman introduced his Kodak camera to the masses $25 included a 100 picture roll for $10 pictures were developed and returned with the camera reloaded. Camera lead to photojournalism.

4. Expanding Public Education (16.2) Expanding Public Education – Schools for Children: States Passed Laws requiring 12-16 weeks annually of school attendance by students ages 8-14 years emphasizing reading, writing, & math. Kindergartens developed outside of public school system for working mothers. From 200 in 1880 – 3,000 in 1900. William Torrey Harris guided public schools to add this program. – Growth of High Schools: curriculum expanded to science, civics, social studies, and vocational courses (drafting, carpentry, mechanics, office work [females]). – Racial Discrimination: Elementary schools 62% were white and 34% were Black High schools: Mostly white fewer than 1% were Black attending private schools only because they were excluded from public. – Immigrants: Most went to public schools to Americanize them Some resented suppression of culture/tradition/religion so they started their own schools: – Catholic - parochial schools – Henry Ford @ Model T plant established “Sociology Department” to teach factory workers English and ‘the right way to live.’

5. Expanding Public Education (16.2) Expanding Higher Education – Changes in Universities: Enrollments quadruple Research Universities Courses Modern languages, physical science, psychology, sociology Professional schools Law and Medicine. Private require an entrance exam not just a high school diploma – Higher Education for African Americans Founded Howard, Atlanta and Fisk Universities. By 1900 of 9 mil. A.A. only 3,880 were in attendance. Booker T. Washington (BTW) believed once A.A. acquire useful labor skills and prove worth racism would end. He headed the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute now called Tuskegee University. WEB Du Bois 1 st A.A. to receive a doctorate from Harvard strongly disagreed with BTW. He founded the Niagara Movement, which insisted A.A. seek liberal Arts degrees to provide well educated leaders to their communities.

6. Segregation and Discrimination (16.3) African Americans fight Legal Discrimination – Voting Restrictions: Literacy tests asking more difficult questions of blacks then whites. Poll tax to be paid B/4 voting – Grandfather Clause: still entitled to vote if he, his father, or grandfather had been eligible to vote prior to 1867 (before this date freed slaves did not have the right to vote!). – Jim Crow Laws: Segregation laws to separate white and black people in public and private facilities came to be known as this. – Plessey v. Ferguson: permitted legalized racial segregation for almost 60 years by establishing “separate but equal”.

7. Segregation and Discrimination (16.3) Turn of the Century Race Relations – Racial Etiquette rules – regulated how blacks and whites interacted ex: they never shake hands, A.A. remove hats for whites, A.A. yield to whites on sidewalks. – BTW earned support of whites for his views on working together for social progress. – Violence: severe punishment/death for not following etiquette rules = lynched or burned. – Discrimination in the North: Segregated neighborhoods, labor unions discouraged black memberships, employers hired whites over blacks and fired blacks before whites.

8. Segregation and Discrimination (16.3) Discrimination in the West – Mexican Workers: railroads hired more of them than any other ethnic group and made them work for less money than any other group. Debt peonage a system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer. A.A. and Mexicans often found in this. Sup. Ct. 1911 finally stated it violated the 13 th Amendment. – Excluding the Chinese: segregated schools and neighborhoods. (Chinese Exclusion Act 15.1)

9. The Dawn of Mass Culture (16.4) American Leisure – Amusement Parks: cities build small playgrounds and playing fields for citizens’ to enjoy. Trolley car companies build amusement parks on outskirts of cities. Roller coasters draw daredevils – Bicycling and Tennis: Bicycling first a male sport only because one bump could send rider over the handle bars. Victor Safety bicycle opened sport to women. Susan B. Anthony “I think Bicycling has done more to emancipate women than anything else...” Tennis originated in Wales in 1873, U.S. saw first match a year later. Hungry or thirsty after cycling or tennis? First brand names were Coca-Cola and Hershey’s Chocolate Bar. – Spectator Sports: Boxing and Baseball became profitable businesses. – Base Ball: New rules transformed it into a professional sport. 1845 Alexander J. Cartwright organized first club. 5 years later 50 clubs across U.S. Cincinnati Red Stockings first professional team travelled around US to play clubs. Mark Twain “The very symbol... And visible expression of the drive and push and rush and struggle of the raging, tearing, booming nineteenth century.” By 1890s had a published schedule, official rules, and standard-sized diamond.

10. The Dawn of Mass Culture (16.4) The spread of Mass Culture: Art galleries, Libraries, museums, motion pictures, books, magazines, and newspapers. – Mass Circulation Newspapers: Joseph Pulitzer Hungarian Immigrant who bought NY World and pioneered the large Sunday Edition w/ comics, sports, women’s news, emphasized “sin, sex, and sensation.” William Randolph Hearst competitor owned NY Morning Journal and San Francisco Examiner tales of scandals, cruelty, hypnotism, imaginary conquest of Mars. – Promoting Fine Arts: depicting life as it really is lived. Emerging of Art schools: Ashcan School of American Art – Popular Fiction: Samuel Langhorne Clemens “Mark Twain” inspired young authors with books such as Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

11. The Dawn of Mass Culture (16.4) New Ways to Sell Goods – Urban Shopping 1890 first shopping center opened in Cleveland Ohio. Shopping districts emerged where public transportation could bring citizens to them. – The Department Store Marshall Field first brought the department store concept to America paying close attention to Women. It also pioneered the “bargain basement, selling bargain goods that were “less expensive but reliable.” – The Chain Store Retail stores that offer the same merchandise under the same ownership but for less by buying in quantity and offering limited personal services. – Advertising Newspapers, magazines, on trains, signs on barns, houses, billboards, even rocks. – Catalogs and RFD (Rural Free Delivery) Ward’s Catalog and Sears Catalog brought goods directly to every home through purchase and delivery by Post Office.