1. Chapter 8: Life at the Turn of the 20th Century

2. Section 1: Science and Urban Life

3. Technology and City Life
Industrialization -> jobs in the _____ ->
Technology needs to meet the needs of expanding pop.

4. Skyscrapers Steel and elevators
Daniel Burnham (1902) – Flatiron Building (NYC)
Steel and elevators
Louis Sullivan (1891) – Wainright Building (St. Louis)

5. Electric Transit
Streetcars (trolley cars) connected outlying neighborhoods to downtown
New railroad lines – growth of suburbs -> commute to downtown
“El” trains and subways

6. Engineering and Urban Planning
The need for open space
Brooklyn Bridge (1883)
recreational areas are created
Fredrick Law Olmstead designs Central Park (NYC)

7. Let city people enjoy a “natural” setting

8. Chicago City plan Sandy lake front parks + beaches
1893 Columbian Exposition – chance for America to show off

9. New Technologies
High- speed press -> print on both sides -> newspapers for a penny
1903 – Kitty Hawk, N. Carolina first successful flight
The Wright Brothers

10. Photography Explosion
George Eastman – Kodak camera (1888) – flexible film – rise of photojournalism

11. Cities expanded upward with the creation of _________.
Cities expanded outward with the creation of __________.
Chicago’s city plan was designed to have _______ .
____________ ____________ was built in NYC to give people a recreation area in a natural setting.

12. Section 2 Expanding Public Education
Preparation for workforce and citizenship
Economic development (science + technology)
Assimilation of immigrants

13. School for Children
State laws: 12 to 16 weeks for 8 – 14 year olds
Reading, writing, arithmetic
Physical punishment + rote memorization
3,000 kindergartens by 1900
1880 school enrollment
62% of white pop.
34% of black pop.

14. The Growth of High Schools
Industrialization -> new jobs -> technical + managerial skills
1900 -> 500,000 high school students
Science, civics, social studies, vocational courses (mechanics)

15. Racial Discrimination
1910 – 3% of African Americans (15-19) attended public high school
Most went to private schools

16. Education for Immigrants
> 10 million European immigrants
Free public schools helped with Americanization
Mandatory reading from King James Version of Bible -> parochial schools
Adult immigrants -> night school to learn English -> daytime programs at Henry Ford’s Model T plant in Michigan

17. Expanding Higher Education
2.3 % went to college
10 – 12 % by 1920
Psychology, sociology, professional schools for law + medicine
Entrance exams and high school diplomas for admission
African Americans
After Civil War ( ) many pursued higher education
Private donors + Freedman’s Bureau opened Howard, Atlanta, Fisk Universities

18. Expanding Higher Education
W.E.B. Du Bois
First Afr. Amer. to receive doctorate from Harvard
1905 – founded Niagara movement (NAACP)-> liberal arts education
“talented tenth” – immediate inclusion into society
Full social and economic equality for blacks
Booker T. Washington
Racism ends when blacks gain useful labor skills
Proved economic value
Gradual inclusion into society
Dean of Tuskegee University
Teaching diplomas
Skills in agriculture, domestic, mechanical

19. Journal 11/15/13
What are the similarities and differences between their views on race?
What do you think about their opinions on how to achieve racial equality?

20. Section 3 –Segregation and Discrimination
For 10 years after Reconstruction ( ) African Americans continue to vote + hold political jobs

21. Legal Discrimination - Voting Restrictions
1890s – Southern laws
Literacy tests
Poll tax – annual tax must be paid to vote
Grandfather clause – eligible to vote if grandfather could vote before 1867

22. Jim Crow Laws
Segregation laws – separate blacks and whites in public and private facilities
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Supreme Court rules separation of races in public facilities does not violate 14th Amendment
“Separate but equal”

23. Race Relations De facto segregation
Informal rules and customs (racial etiquette)
Blacks and whites did not shake hands
Blacks remove their hats for whites
Move over on sidewalk
violence -> more than 1,400 blacks were lynched, shot, burned, hanged without trial ( )
Discrimination in North -> segregated neighborhoods, discrimination in workplace + unions
Tension between working-class whites + blacks
NYC Race Riots (1900)

24. Discrimination in the West
Railroads in Southwest = Mexican workers
1902 – National Reclamation Act – federal money for irrigation -> increase in agricultural work
Debt peonage = laborers were slaves until they worked off debt to employer (Mexicans + Afr. Amer.)

25. Journal
What do you do in your free time? What is the impact of leisure activities on American culture?

26. Section 4: The Dawn of Mass Culture
Mass culture is the set of ideas and values that develop from a common exposure to the same media, news sources, music, sports and art
Away from city -> amusement parks, sports, theater

27. Amusement Parks
Coney Island 1884

28. Bicycling and Tennis
1885 – “safety bicycle” – air tires -> women no longer need chaperone -> “split” skirts

29. Spectator Sports 1903 first World Series – Boston Pilgrims beat Pitt.
Pirates
1920 Negro Leagues

30. The Spread of Mass Culture
More schools, libraries, art galleries, printing techniques

31. The Spread of Mass Culture
Joseph Pultizer – New York World (1883)
VS.
William Hearst – New York Morning Journal
“sin, sex, sensation”

33. The Spread of Mass Culture
More libraries and art galleries
Ashcan school of art – realism – life as it really is
Thomas Eakin
reflections, color, perspective

34. The Spread of Mass Culture
Popular Fiction
“dime novels”
Western adventure tales

35. New Ways to Sell Goods Urban shopping
Marshal Field opens department store in Chicago (1865)
Specialized departments
F.W. Woolworth opens chain stores -> sell goods for less

36. New Ways to Sell Goods
Advertising –> medicines, soaps -> on billboards, barns, newspapers

37. New Ways to Sell Goods
Catalogs and RFD – rural free delivery – packages brought to homes