India Chapter 25

Invasions, Empires, and Independence Mughal Empire introduced Islam to Indian culture 1857 – British rule begins in India Gandhi and his followers began using the tactic of “nonviolent resistance” to protest British rule in 1920 India gains independence from Britain Gandhi Assassination

Governing the World’s Largest Democracy India’s first prime minister – Nehru Muslim- Hindu relations are of special concern to the Indian government Muslim minority is huge population Muslim minority is huge population Sikhs and Tamils Express dissatisfaction with government Express dissatisfaction with government Assassinated 2 prime ministers Assassinated 2 prime ministers Sikhs – killed Indira Gandhi Tamils – killed Rajiv Gandhi

Economic Challenges Land reform difficult to enact Powerful families control about 25% farmland Powerful families control about 25% farmland Improvements to agriculture Green Revolution Green Revolution Higher-yielding grain varieties Uses new farming techniques Industrial Centers – most prosperous Mumbai – leading commercial center Mumbai – leading commercial center Bangalore – high tech center (computers) Bangalore – high tech center (computers)

Life in Modern India Center of daily life – marriage and family Center of daily life – marriage and family Traditional marriages – arranged by the families (different from most US marriages) Traditional marriages – arranged by the families (different from most US marriages) Popular leisure activities (similar to US) Popular leisure activities (similar to US) Sports, music, films Education Education Government working to raise literacy rates Literacy essential to find work in factories/offices

Indian Culture Language and ethnic diversity spoken languages and dialects spoken languages and dialects Southern Indian languages & people – Dravidian Southern Indian languages & people – Dravidian Hindu beliefs Karma – moral consequences of one’s actions Karma – moral consequences of one’s actions Karma determines how a person is reborn (reincarnation) Karma determines how a person is reborn (reincarnation)

Pakistan and Bangladesh Chapter 25

New Countries, Ancient Lands Indus Valley civilization Largest of the early civilizations Largest of the early civilizations Mohenjo-Daro had brick buildings/sanitation systems Mohenjo-Daro had brick buildings/sanitation systems Partition of British India – very violent Created India (Mostly Hindu) Created India (Mostly Hindu) Created Pakistan (Mostly Muslim) Created Pakistan (Mostly Muslim) Divided into East Pakistan and West Pakistan Pakistan’s Civil War – 1971 East Pakistan became Bangladesh (independent) East Pakistan became Bangladesh (independent)

Struggling Economies Agriculture Basis of economy - Pakistan and Bangladesh Basis of economy - Pakistan and Bangladesh Crops Produced Microcredit – small businesses may apply as a group for a loan For Export For consumption Pakistan Cotton & rice wheat BangladeshJuteRice

One Religion, Many Peoples Islam – the most practiced religion in Bangladesh and Pakistan Ramadan – month long period of fasting observed by Muslims Urdu – national language of Pakistan Chosen to avoid favoring any ethnic group with regional origins in the country Chosen to avoid favoring any ethnic group with regional origins in the country Mujahirs migrated to Pakistan during partition Mujahirs migrated to Pakistan during partition

Modern Life and Culture Rabindranath Tagore Cultural icon/hero in Bangladesh Cultural icon/hero in Bangladesh Poetry very popular Poetry very popular Won Nobel Peace prize in 1913 – literature Won Nobel Peace prize in 1913 – literature Popular artistic expressions Classical and folk music Classical and folk music Qawwali Qawwali Bangladesh – folk dances that tell stories Bangladesh – folk dances that tell stories