1 ADOLESCENCE AND ERIKSON

2 Adolescence  Primary Sex Characteristics  body structures that make sexual reproduction possible  Secondary Sex Characteristics  nonreproductive sexual characteristics  female- breast and hips  male- voice quality and body hair

3 Adolescence  Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age 14. Height in centimeters Age in years BoysGirls

4 Body Changes at Puberty

5 Adolescence- Social Development  The changing parent-child relationship 100% to 4 5 to 8 9 to 11 Ages of child in years Percent with positive, warm interaction with parents

6 Erikson’s Theory Biological in belief that there are innate drives to develop social relationships and that these promote survival (Darwinism) Biological in belief that there are innate drives to develop social relationships and that these promote survival (Darwinism) Drive to resolve conflict Drive to resolve conflict

7 Stage 1 (birth - 1) Trust vs. Mistrust Infants must rely on others for care Infants must rely on others for care Consistent and dependable caregiving =sense of trust Consistent and dependable caregiving =sense of trust Infants who are not well cared= mistrust Infants who are not well cared= mistrust

8 Stage 2 (1-3 years) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Child that experiences independence will gain a sense of autonomy Child that experiences independence will gain a sense of autonomy Children that are overly restrained/ punished harshly will develop shame and doubt Children that are overly restrained/ punished harshly will develop shame and doubt

9 Stage 3 (3-5 years) Initiative vs. Guilt Children are exposed to the wider social world and given greater responsibility Children are exposed to the wider social world and given greater responsibility Sense of accomplishment leads to initiative, whereas feelings of guilt can emerge if the child is made to feel too anxious or irresponsible Sense of accomplishment leads to initiative, whereas feelings of guilt can emerge if the child is made to feel too anxious or irresponsible

10 Stage 4 (5-12 years) Industry vs. Inferiority Stage of life surrounding mastery of knowledge and intellectual skills Stage of life surrounding mastery of knowledge and intellectual skills competence and achievement = industry competence and achievement = industry Feeling incompetent and unproductive =inferiority Feeling incompetent and unproductive =inferiority

11 Stage 5 (adolescence) Identity vs. Confusion Developing a sense of who one is and where s/he is going in life Developing a sense of who one is and where s/he is going in life Successful resolution =positive identity Successful resolution =positive identity Unsuccessful resolution =identity confusion Unsuccessful resolution =identity confusion

12 Stage 6 (young adulthood) Intimacy vs. Isolation Time for sharing oneself with another person Time for sharing oneself with another person Capacity to hold commitments =intimacy Capacity to hold commitments =intimacy Failure to establish commitments = isolation Failure to establish commitments = isolation

13 Stage 7 (middle adulthood) Generativity vs. Stagnation Caring for others in family, friends and work leads to sense of contribution to later generations Caring for others in family, friends and work leads to sense of contribution to later generations Stagnation comes from a sense of boredom and meaninglessness Stagnation comes from a sense of boredom and meaninglessness

14 Adulthood- Physical Development  The Aging Senses Proportion of normal (20/20) vision when identifying letters on an eye chart Age in years

15 Adulthood- Physical Development  The Aging Senses Percent correct when identifying spoken words Age in years

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17 Adulthood- Physical Development  Slowing reactions contribute to increased accident risks among those 75 and older and over Fatal accident rate Age Fatal accidents per 10,000 drivers Fatal accidents per 100 million miles

18 Adulthood- Social Changes  Multinational surveys show that age differences in life satisfaction are trivial (Inglehart, 1990) Percentage “satisfied” with life as a whole Age group

19 Adulthood- Social Development  Early-forties midlife crisis? Females Males No early 40s emotional crisis Age in Years 24% Emotional instability

20 Adulthood- Social Changes  Social Clock  the culturally preferred timing of social events  marriage  parenthood  retirement

21 Adulthood- Cognitive Development  Crystallized Intelligence  one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills  tends to increase with age  Fluid Intelligence  ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly  tends to decrease during late adulthood

22 Stage 8 (late adulthood to death) Integrity vs. Despair Successful resolutions =integrity and the ability to see broad truths and advise those in earlier stages Successful resolutions =integrity and the ability to see broad truths and advise those in earlier stages Despair arises from feelings of helplessness and the bitter sense that life has been incomplete Despair arises from feelings of helplessness and the bitter sense that life has been incomplete

23 Bronfenbrenner’s Social Ecology Theory Network of interactions and interdependencies among people, institutions and cultural context Network of interactions and interdependencies among people, institutions and cultural context