1. Adolescence Adolescence Puberty (2 year period of growth)
the transition…
Puberty (2 year period of growth)
the period of…

2. Adolescence Primary Sex Characteristics Secondary Sex Characteristics
body structures that…
ovaries--female
testes--male
external genitalia
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Non-reproductive…
female--enlarged breast, hips
male--voice quality, body hair
Landmarks
In girls is Menarche (meh-NAR-key)
first menstrual period (around 12 yrs.)
In boys is the first ejaculation (around 14 yrs.)

3. Adolescence Height in centimeters 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 2 4 6 82 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Age in years
Boys
Girls

4. Adolescence

5. Adolescence – Cognitive Development
Reasoning is…
Private experiences are perceived as…
Formal Operational Stage
Capacity for moral thinking –

6. Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder
Morality of abstract
principles: to affirm
agreed-upon rights and
personal ethical principles
Morality of law and
social rules: to gain
approval or avoid
disapproval
Morality of self-interest:
to avoid punishment
or gain concrete rewards
Postconventional
level
Conventional
Preconventional

7. Pre-conventional Stage – Self Interest
1. Obedience and punishment:
Instrumental:

8. Conventional Stage – Concerned with gaining approval or doing one’s duty.
Good boy/girl morality:
Law and order:

9. Post-conventional Stage – agreed upon rights or universal ethical principles
Social Contract:
Principles of Conscience:

10. Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder
3rd level represents…
Morality also lies in action

11. Social Development Identity Intimacy one’s…
the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles and reshaping them into a consistent and comfortable sense of who one is.
Intimacy
the ability to…
a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

12. Gender Differences in Connectedness begin during Adolescence
Women are more interdependent and more open and responsive to feedback.
Women as more intimate with their friends and talk more openly and freely.
Women make 63% of phone calls and talk longer on average than men when they are talking to other women.
When women talk they explore relationships.
Men talk to communicate solutions.
Both women and men say friendships with women are more intimate, enjoyable and nurturing (Rubin 1985).
Both women and men usually turn to women when they need support or comfort.
90% of people report being close to their mother, 69% report being close to father.
These differences diminish after age 50.

13. Social Development
The changing parent-child relationship

14. Adolescence -- used to end with marriage10 20
7.2-Year Interval
11.8-Year Interval
Age
1890, Women
1988, Women
In the 1890s the average interval between a woman’s menarche and marriage was about 7 years; now it is nearly 12 years.
Now adolescence is considered completed with the social achievement of independent adult status

15. Adult --Physical Development
Physical abilities crest by the mid twenties.
Physical decline begins in early adulthood, almost imperceptibly, and accelerates during middle adulthood.
Later in life there is declining perceptual acuity, strength and stamina.

16. Adulthood--Physical Changes
Fatal
accident
rate
Slowing reactions contribute to increased accident risks among those 75 and older. 12 10
Fatal accidents
per 100 million miles 8
Fatal accidents
per 10,000 drivers 6 4 2 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
75 and
over
Age

17. Adulthood--Physical Changes
Incidence of dementia by age
Risk of dementia
increases in later
years
Age Group
40% 30 20 10
Percentage
with dementia

18. Adulthood--Physical Changes
Women
Menopause (around 50 yrs)
the time of…
also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
Men
-- gradual decrease in sperm count, testosterone level, speed of erection and speed of ejaculation.
Brain – by age 80 there is a 5% shrinkage of the brain (women’s brains shrink more slowly than men’s).

19. Adulthood--Cognitive Changes
Recalling new names introduced once, twice or three times is easier for younger adults than for older ones (Crook & West, 1990).
Recall (remembering without cues) decreases with age, especially for meaningless information
100
Older age groups have
poorer performance
Percent
of names
recalled 90 80
After three
introductions 70 60 50
After two
introductions 40 30 20
After one
introductions 10 18 40 50 60 70
Age group

20. Adulthood--Cognitive Changes
Number
Of words
remembered
In a study by Schonfield & Robertson (1966), the ability to recall new information declined during early and middle adulthood, but the ability to recognize new information did not.
Recognition is remember with cues (ex. multiple choice questions, or picking a word out of a list) 24 20
Number of words
recognized is
stable with age 16 12 8
Number of words
recalled declines
with age 4 20 30 40 50 60 70
Age in years

21. Adulthood Crystallized Intelligence Fluid Intelligence one’s…
tends to increase with age
Fluid Intelligence
tends to decrease during late adulthood
Neural processing slows with age
Speed at completing a complex task slows.

22. Adulthood – Social Changes
Social Clock
The culturally preferred timing of social events
Marriage
Parenthood
Retirement
Adults don’t change predictably, these events occur at varying times.
People are doing things at different ages. People are having children in their 50s and 60s. People marry at any time during adulthood.
Retirement – many choose not to and accomplish great things
Ben Franklin invented bifocals at 78
Frank Lloyd Wright completed the Guggenheim Museum at 91
Paul Spangler completed his fourteenth marathon at 92
Strom Thurmond served in the US Senate until he was 100

23. Adulthood Early-forties midlife crisis? Emotional instability
Females
Males
No early 40s
emotional crisis
Age in Years
24% 16 8
Emotional
instability

24. Adulthood – Social Development
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. stagnation
Freud – “The healthy adult is one who can live and work”

25. Marriage
Marriage is more satisfying and enduring when:

26. Parenthood

27. Work
Happy with work (both in and out of home)if it fits interests and provides a sense of competence and satisfaction

28. Adulthood 20 40 60 80 15 25 35 45 55
65+
Percentage
“satisfied”
with life
as a whole
Age group
Multinational surveys show that age differences in life satisfaction are trivial (Ingle hart, 1990).
Positive feelings tend to grow after middle age and negative feelings subside.

29. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Approximate
age Stage Description of Task
Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by
(teens into confusion testing roles and then integrating them to
20s) form a single identity, or they become
confused about who they are.
Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation-
(20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate
40s) love, or they feel socially isolated.
Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri-
(40s to 60s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family
and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.
Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his or her life, the older
(late 60s and despair adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or
up) failure.